Abstract
Given a fixed energy budget for the operation of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), on-demand recharging is the technique of charging the nodes initially with identical, but reduced energy level called the recharge quantum, and then recharging the nodes with the recharge quantum of energy whenever the energy level at a node goes below a threshold level. Transmission power control is the technique of adjusting the transmission power at a sender node depending on the distance to the receiver node. The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis of the network lifetime obtained for each of the following four scenarios: [a] No power control, No on-demand recharging; [b] Power control, but no on-demand recharging; [c] On-demand recharging, but no power control and [d] Both power control and on-demand recharging. Network lifetime is defined as the time of first node failure due to the exhaustion of energy level at the node and the inability to further charge the node. The on-demand routing protocols studied are: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Flow-Oriented Routing Protocol (FORP) and the Min-Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR) algorithm run on the top of DSR. We illustrate the improvement obtained in network lifetime as we transition from scenarios [a] through [d]. Simulation results illustrate that scenarios involving on-demand recharging ([c] and [d]) yield a higher network lifetime than scenarios [a] and [b]. When we operate the network with both on-demand recharging and power control, we obtain the maximum improvement in network lifetime. The percentage of the supplied energy that has been consumed in the network at the time of first node failure for each of the four scenarios and the three routing protocols is also measured to illustrate the effectiveness of on-demand recharging in maximizing the usage of the available energy budget.
Highlights
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic distributed system of wireless nodes where in the nodes move independent of each other
On average, when we implement only on-demand recharging, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Flow-Oriented Routing Protocol (FORP) and Min-Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR) show an improvement of 86%, 92% and 36% respectively and when we implement only power-control, DSR and FORP show an improvement of only 52% and 59% respectively
When we operate the network with both on-demand recharging and transmission power control, DSR, FORP and MMBCR showed an improvement of (a) about 150-200%, 150-300% and 50-70% respectively compared to the scenario of operating without both on-demand recharging and transmission power control, (b) about 75-85%, 75-140% and 78-100% respectively compared to the scenario of operating only with transmission power control and (c) about 35-64%, 54-90% and 18-20% respectively compared to the scenario of operating only with on-demand recharging
Summary
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic distributed system of wireless nodes where in the nodes move independent of each other. MANETs have several operating constraints such as: limited battery charge per node, limited transmission range per node and limited bandwidth. Routes in MANETs are often multi-hop in nature. Packet transmission or reception consumes the battery charge at a node. Nodes forward packets for their peers in addition to their own. Nodes are forced to expend their battery charge for receiving and transmitting packets that are not intended for them. Given the limited energy budget for MANETs, inadvertent over usage of the energy resources of a small set of nodes at the cost of others can have an adverse impact on the node lifetime
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