Abstract
The hydrothermal gasification of some hard-shell nut residues (hazelnut, walnut and almond shells) was performed in a batch type reactor at temperature and pressure ranges of 300–600°C and 88–405bar, respectively. The biomass samples were converted into gaseous product (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide and C2–C4 compounds), aqueous product (carboxylic acids, furfurals, phenols, aldehydes and ketones) and solid products after hydrothermal gasification. Hydrogen production was improved by using natural mineral catalysts (Trona, Dolomite and Borax). The activity of selected natural mineral catalysts in hydrothermal gasification can be ordered as being Trona [Na3(CO3)(HCO3)·2H2O]>Borax [Na2B4O7·10H2O]>Dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2]. The most effective catalyst was found to be Trona at 600°C leading enhancement in hydrogen yields (molH2/kgC in biomass) for hazelnut, walnut and almond shells as 82.4%, 74.1% and 42.4%, respectively.
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