Abstract
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) radiometers, flown onboard Terra/Aqua and Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP)/Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) satellites, are capable of providing superior sea surface temperature (SST) imagery. However, the swath data of these multi-detector sensors are subject to several artifacts including bow-tie distortions and striping, and require special pre-processing steps. VIIRS additionally does two irreversible data reduction steps onboard: pixel aggregation (to reduce resolution changes across the swath) and pixel deletion, which complicate both bow-tie correction and destriping. While destriping was addressed elsewhere, this paper describes an algorithm, adopted in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Oceans (ACSPO) SST system, to minimize the bow-tie artifacts in the SST imagery and facilitate application of the pattern recognition algorithms for improved separation of ocean from cloud and mapping fine SST structure, especially in the dynamic, coastal and high-latitude regions of the ocean. The algorithm is based on a computationally fast re-sampling procedure that ensures a continuity of corresponding latitude and longitude arrays. Potentially, Level 1.5 products may be generated to benefit a wide range of MODIS and VIIRS users in land, ocean, cryosphere, and atmosphere remote sensing.
Highlights
More than a dozen Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs) onboard NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites have been in operational use since 1978.The AVHRR onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-19 continues functioning well as of this writing, in addition to two AVHRRs acquired by the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) for use onboard their Metop satellites
This paper describes simple and computationally fast methods for approximating the values deleted onboard, and for resampling Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) imagery in order to correct for bow-tie distortions and deletions in Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Oceans (ACSPO) Level 2 product, while preserving the originally-observed data and associated geo-locations nearly intact
Special pre-processing to minimize these instrumental artifacts and ensure spatial continuity of satellite imagery is critically important for users interested in satellite imagery, and in processing spatial patterns using the machine learning algorithms [4]
Summary
The AVHRR onboard NOAA-19 (launched in February 2009) continues functioning well as of this writing, in addition to two AVHRRs acquired by the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) for use onboard their Metop satellites. Both Metop-A (launched in October 2006) and Metop-B (launched in September 2012) work well as of today and the remaining. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is a new generation US imager, developed to succeed the AVHRR in NOAA operations. The first VIIRS sensor was launched on 28 October 2011 onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP). Four more instruments are lined up Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 79; doi:10.3390/rs8010079 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing
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