Abstract
In recent years, solar energy technologies have developed an emerging edge. The incessant research to develop a power source alternative to fossil fuel because of its scarcity and detrimental effects on the environment is the main driving force. In addition, nanofluids have gained immense interest as superior heat transfer fluid in solar technologies for the last decades. In this research, a binary solution of ionic liquid (IL) + water based ionanofluids is formulated successfully with two dimensional MXene (Ti3C2) nano additives at three distinct concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 wt % and the optimum concentration is used to check the performance of a hybrid solar PV/T system. The layered structure of MXene and high absorbance of prepared nanofluids have been perceived by SEM and UV–vis respectively. Rheometer and DSC are used to assess the viscosity and heat capacity respectively while transient hot wire technique is engaged for thermal conductivity measurement. A maximum improvement of 47% in thermal conductivity is observed for 0.20 wt % loading of MXene. Furthermore, the viscosity is found to rise insignificantly with addition of Ti3C2 by different concentrations. Conversely, viscosity decreases substantially as the temperature increases from 20 °C to 60 °C. However, based on their thermophysical properties, 0.20 wt % is found to be the optimum concentration. A comparative analysis in terms of heat transfer performance with three different nanofluids in PV/T system shows that, IL+ water/MXene ionanofluid exhibits highest thermal, electrical, and overall heat transfer efficiency compared to water/alumina, palm oil/MXene, and water alone. Maximum electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency are recorded as 13.95% and 81.15% respectively using IL + water/MXene, besides that, heat transfer coefficients are also noticed to increase by 12.6% and 2% when compared to water/alumina and palm oil/MXene respectively. In conclusion, it can be demonstrated that MXene dispersed ionanofluid might be great a prospect in the field of heat transfer applications since they can augment the heat transfer rate considerably which improves system efficiency.
Highlights
Since the industrial revolution, the demand for energy has been increasing day by day, it is anticipated that global energy demand will grow up to 30% by the year 2040 as stated in the World Energy Report, 2019 by the International Energy Agency, (IEA) [1,2]
The FTIR analysis implies that the dispersion of MXene into the ionic liquid based (IL) solutions yields dispersion of Ti3C2 (MXene) in the IL aqueous solutions which is in good agreement with previous studies [60,61]
IL+ water nanofluids are formulated with novel 2D MXene (Ti3C2) nanosheet at three different concentrations (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 wt %) and their thermophysical properties and optical properties (SEM, FTIR, UV–vis) are measured
Summary
The demand for energy has been increasing day by day, it is anticipated that global energy demand will grow up to 30% by the year 2040 as stated in the World Energy Report, 2019 by the International Energy Agency, (IEA) [1,2]. Maximum improvement was about 64% at 50 ◦C when 0.056 vol % of functionalized 2D graphene was dispersed into deionized water In another investigation, Wang et al [36] experimentally inspected the influence of 2D graphene nanoparticles on thermophysical properties of ionic liquid [HMIM]BF4 and demonstrated that 18.6% improvement in the thermal conductivity was attained at 65 ◦C with nanoparticle loading as low as of 0.06 wt % while no significant decrease in specific heat was observed. The authors formulate and characterize nanofluids and determine best concentration at which thermophysical properties are optimum In consideration of their thermophysical properties, the authors favorably considered its possible application in hybrid PV/T system which could potentially serve as a more efficient alternative as heat transfer fluid for the application in hybrid PV/T solar system
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