Abstract
A new sol–gel process is developed to modify the Li 4Ti 5O 12 anode material for improved rate capability. The new process brings about the following effects, namely (i) doping of Sn 2+ to form Li 3.9Sn 0.1Ti 5O 12, (ii) carbon coating and (iii) creation of a porous structure. The doping of Sn 2+ results in the lattice distortion without changing the phase composition. A thin layer of amorphous carbon is coated on the doped particles that contain numerous nanopores. The rate capability of the anode material made from the modified powder is significantly improved when discharged at high current rates due to the reduced charge transfer resistance.
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