Abstract
In areas of sub-Saharan Africa where malaria is endemic, pregnant women are at a greater risk of malaria than non-pregnant women leading to significant adverse consequences including anemia, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight (LBW), and pre-term delivery. The Kenya Ministry of Health adopted Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) as a National strategy for malaria prevention in pregnancy. In this report, we evaluated the prevalence of malaria, the anthropometric measures of birth outcomes and the reasons for loss to follow up among pregnant women participating in an ongoing cohort study in Western Kenya. A total of 175 HIV-negative pregnant women enrolled at antenatal clinic of Chulaimbo sub-District hospital were longitudinally evaluated in a monthly follow-up visits through antenatal visits (up to 4 per mother) and delivery. Thirty three percent and 15% of the pregnant women were malaria positive by real-time quantitative (Q)-PCR and microscopy respectively at enrolment, while 54% and 23% of the pregnant women had malaria by Q-PCR and microscopy respectively at any time during follow-up. Of the enrolled study participants, 65% delivered at Chulaimbo hospital. Overall, 39% (69) of the pregnant women were lost to follow-up. The major reasons for loss to follow up were relocation from the study area (26%) and delivery at alternative health facilities (25%). The mean birth weight of the newborn infants was 3202 g (range, 2000 g - 4000 g). Only 5.3% of the infants weighed less than 2500 g (low birth weight). The mean head circumference was 34 cm (range, 30 cm - 39 cm) with mean Apgar score (at 10 minutes) ± S.D. of 9.8 ± 0.97. In conclusion, we observed decreased adverse pregnancy outcomes among our study population. We recommend a larger study of all pregnant women attending the Chulaimbo hospital so as to assess whether effectiveness of malaria and anemia control programs lead to improved birth outcomes.
Highlights
About 358,000 maternal deaths were recorded in 2008
We recommend a larger study of all pregnant women attending the Chulaimbo hospital so as to assess whether effectiveness of malaria and anemia control programs lead to improved birth outcomes
A recent survey in Western Kenya that evaluated the cause of death that occurred between 2003-2008 among women of childbearing age showed 8% pregnancy-related death, which were attributed to infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV [3]
Summary
About 358,000 maternal deaths were recorded in 2008. Of these, 99% (355,000) occurred in the developing world, of which, Africa accounted for slightly more than 50% of the maternal deaths [1]. In Kenya, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is estimated at 488 per 100,000 live births [2]. This high mortality rate is largely attributed to low uptake of antenatal care (ANC) services, where only 47% of mothers completed the recommended four ANC clinic visits during their pregnancy [2]. A recent survey in Western Kenya that evaluated the cause of death that occurred between 2003-2008 among women of childbearing age showed 8% pregnancy-related death, which were attributed to infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV [3]. Low Birth Weight (LBW) is known to be the most important risk factor and a strong predictor of infant mortality [7] [8]. Women who are underweight, anemic and harboring infections such as malaria during pregnancy are at greater risk of delivering LBW babies [5]
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