Abstract
The Fe3O4–WO3–3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) nanoparticles were applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of UV irradiation for acid red 14 (AR14) removal. This nanocatalyst was synthesized via a facile co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer and point of zero charge techniques. The effects of some operating parameters such as solution pH, nanocatalyst dosage, initial AR14 concentration, H2O2 concentration, different purging gases and type of organic compounds on the removal efficiency were studied. Under optimal conditions: pH = 3, AR140 = 30 mg/L, nanocatalyst dosage = 0.2 g/L and H2O2 = 50 mM, 99.99% of the dye was removed after 120 min. As nanocatalyst dosage increased, the photocatalytic removal of AR14 enhanced up to the desired amount of 0.4 g/L. Moreover, the removal efficiency increased with increasing H2O2 concentration and in the presence of different purging gases. And, the photocatalytic removal of AR14 increased in the presence of oxalate, citric acid, phenol and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and decreased in the presence of folic acid and humic acid. Three kinetic models were developed for this process and the findings showed that the dye removal rate obeyed the first-order kinetic. Estimation of the EEO value for the UV/Fe3O4–WO3–APTES (288.88 kWh/m3) process, as a function of the removal efficiency, revealed that this process not only increased the efficiency, but also decreased the cost of electrical energy consumed by the system. Additionally, the photocatalytic activity was maintained even after five successive cycles. © 2017 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.
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