Abstract

Improved Hairpin Resonator for Microfluidic Sensing

Highlights

  • Impedance measurement is one of the most promising techniques for developing label-free, real-time, and noninvasive methods of detection

  • Radiation at microwave frequencies between 1.5 and 5.0 GHz is only slightly attenuated by atmospheric gases.[28]. It has been observed that the frequency range of 0.5 to 4.0 GHz is best suited for salinity estimation.[29]. The presence and concentration of various chloride solutions are clearly evident in the changes in the amplitude and resonance frequency of the signal occurring especially at frequencies below 4.0 GHz

  • The dielectric constant of aqueous ethanol solution decreases with increasing ethanol concentration.[32]. According to coupled line theory, the coupling coefficient increases because of the larger capacitance between two coupled resonators

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Summary

Introduction

Impedance measurement is one of the most promising techniques for developing label-free, real-time, and noninvasive methods of detection. Many sensors have been built for the detection of biotissues, and fluid concentrations such as those in biological cells, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glucose solution, and NaCl solution.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] at low frequencies, the contact area of the electrode-solution, tissue-solution, and tissue-electrode interfaces produces the electric double-layer capacitance effect, which influences the measured impedance.[9,10] It is difficult to obtain the precise properties of biomaterials at low frequencies. In order to analyze and verify the measurement results obtained at low frequencies, the surface-specific double-layer capacitance effect must be included in the equivalent circuit model. It is difficult to obtain the precise properties of biotissues or medical indices. At frequencies above 100 MHz, the interaction of microwaves and biological tissues is almost exclusively dependent

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