Improved global surface currents from the merging of altimetry and Sea Surface Temperature data

Abstract

Six years of surface velocities have been calculated over the global ocean by combining altimeter derived geostrophic velocities and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data. The method is based on the inversion for the velocity of the heat conservation equation using the altimeter velocities as background. By accurately prescribing the error both on the background velocities and on the forcing term (heat fluxes), the altimeter background velocities are successfully improved in areas characterized by strong SST gradients and remain unchanged in low SST gradient regions, where by construction no additional information may be brought by the SST field. This allows us to provide for the first time a global field of surface velocities from the merging of altimetry and SST. Both the spatial and temporal resolution of the altimeter derived velocities is enhanced by the SST information. Validation is performed through comparison to in-situ drifting buoy velocities. Major improvements (10–20% globally, up to 35% locally) are obtained on the meridional component of the velocity and in the equatorial band. Due to the large uncertainty on the heat fluxes and the spatio-temporal resolution of the input datasets, the high frequency ageostrophic components of the circulation is hardly resolved by the method and, outside the equatorial band, improvements are mainly on the geostrophic component. It is shown that the level of accuracy obtained by combining altimeter velocities based on a two satellite configuration and microwave SST data is equivalent or higher to the one from a four altimeter constellation in western boundary currents. This opens the perspective for a systematic use of the method to improve the altimeter derived surface velocities over the 1993–2001 period, for which only 2 altimeters have been flying simultaneously. Finally, over the recent years, the use of higher resolution SST products based on both microwave and infrared measurements leads to further enhancement of the accuracy of the altimeter velocities on both the zonal and the meridional component in strong SST gradients areas.