Abstract
The spatially referenced towed array is introduced as a system for the simultaneous estimation of source bearing and frequency. This system consists of both a conventional towed array and a fixed-position array of passive sensors. The stationary array, which may consist of only a single hydrophone, functions as the spatial reference and supplies additional frequency information to the towed array. The limits on bearing and frequency estimation error predicted for conventional towed arrays by the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) are greater than those for the corresponding fixed-position arrays when there is no knowledge of both the source frequency and bearing. In contrast, the CRLB performance of the towed array with respect to bearing estimation improves over that of the stationary array given perfect knowledge of the source frequency. The spatially referenced towed array is shown to improve significantly upon the bearing CRLB performance of a conventional towed array for the case in which both the source frequency and bearing are unknown.
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