Abstract
ObjectiveExecutive functions (EFs) play a key role in emotion regulation and, related to this, depression. Cognitive remediation (CR) targeting EFs, such as Goal Management Training (GMT) and computerized cognitive training (CCT), may reduce maladaptive emotion regulation. However, the clinical potential of GMT in the context of depression and emotion regulation remains to be tested. Hence, the primary aim of the present study was to compare effects of GMT with CCT on symptoms of emotion dysregulation. MethodThe paper reports the effects of a preregistered randomized controlled trial. Sixty-three participants (18–60yrs) with active or remitted depression and EF complaints were randomized to nine sessions of GMT (n = 35) or CCT (n = 28). All were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and at 6-month follow-up. The Ruminative Response Scale and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were employed to assess emotion regulation. ResultsBoth groups improved following the intervention on emotion regulation domains after controlling for intention-to-treat, including brooding rumination and on items reflecting non-accepting reactions to distress. Relative to CCT, the GMT-group demonstrated increased clarity of emotional responses in the per protocol analysis. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the potential of GMT and CCT in reducing maladaptive emotion regulation in depression.
Highlights
The results of the present study provide preliminary, but promising evidence, for the effectiveness of both Goal Management Training (GMT) and Computerized cognitive training (CCT) as a Cognitive remediation (CR) interven tion for depression
CCT and GMT showed similar effects on most of the emotional transfer measures, our findings demonstrate that the theory-driven CR approach of GMT, combining metacognitive strategy training with an emphasis on the transfer of training gains to daily life, did lead to additional perceived improvements in emotion regulation clarity
Effects were seen after 6 months, suggesting that strategies learned in GMT are applicable and consolidated after training cessation
Summary
The study was preregistered at clinicaltrials.gov with the identifier NCT03338413, approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (2017/666), Norway, and conducted in accor dance with the Helsinki declaration.
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