Abstract
The superimposed response of multi-target causes difficulty in locating and characterizing each target when detecting unexploded ordnance with a portable transient electromagnetic sensor, constructed with a single-layer transmitting coil and five three-component receiving coils. Differential evolution (DE) algorithm is improved here with Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization and position rearrangement for superimposed response inversion based on the multisource model, which represents the multi-target response with a set of magnetic dipoles distributed over the interrogated area. The Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization turns the coefficient matrix of each target into an orthonormal basis. Accordingly, the best magnetic polarization tensor can be directly extracted from the superimposed response without inverting large and potentially ill-conditioned matrices. The position rearrangement groups the positions of individuals in the contemporary population to maximize the likelihood that the positions in the same group belong to the same target. The convergence speed of multi-target inversion is accelerated with the crossover operation of DE algorithm performed within the groups. Simulated experiment results show that the error in estimated position and characteristic response for improved DE algorithm is only 10% of that of the conventional DE algorithm. Field experiment is also conducted, and its results show that the error in estimated position for improved DE algorithm is only 20% of that of the conventional DE algorithm. The improved DE algorithm can accurately estimate the position and characteristic response of each target from superimposed response.
Highlights
As an increasingly serious international humanitarian and environmental problem worldwide, unexploded ordnance (UXO) in former battlefields and decommissioned firing ranges prevents land use, threatens public safety, and causes hundreds of victims each year [1], [2]
An improved Differential evolution (DE) algorithm with Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization and position rearrangement based on multisource model is proposed to locate and characterize multiple targets from the superimposed response measured by a portable Transient electromagnetic (TEM) sensor
Positions of individuals in the contemporary population are divided into different groups belonging to different targets
Summary
As an increasingly serious international humanitarian and environmental problem worldwide, unexploded ordnance (UXO) in former battlefields and decommissioned firing ranges prevents land use, threatens public safety, and causes hundreds of victims each year [1], [2]. Different systems are used to detect the underground target for determining whether a UXO-like target exists All systems, such as the airborne system [16], the vehicle. Different algorithms, such as maximum-likelihood methods, mixed models, and support vector machines [24]–[27], have been used to determine whether the underground target is a dangerous UXO or a harmless clutter. Inversion of target response based on the multisource model is mostly conducted with the vehicle system, such as MetalMapper [17], or the Time-Domain Electromagnetic Multisensor Towed Array Detection System [19]. An improved differential evolution (DE) algorithm is developed here on the basis of the multisource model to invert the multi-target response detected by the portable TEM system. The field experiments are performed to locate and characterize the multi-target with the improved DE algorithm for portable TEM system
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