Improved device efficiency and lifetime of perovskite light-emitting diodes by size-controlled polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped gold nanoparticles with dipole formation

Chang Min Lee,Seung Min Yu,Min Jae Park,Hyun Jae Lee,Donghyun Kim,Jae Woo Lee,Hyun Woo Cho,Dong Hyun Choi,Muhammad Sujak,Chul Hoon Kim,Tae Wook Kim,Syed Hamad Ullah Shah,Sung Tae Shin,Dong Hyun Kim,Hyung Ju Chae,Geon‐Woo Jeong ,Juyun Park,Jong Sung Jin,Yong‐Cheol Kang ,Kyoung-Ho Kim,Amjad Islam,Chang-Su Kim,Tae‐Sung Bae ,Myungkwan Song,Sung‐Soo Ryu

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05935-z

Abstract

Herein, an unprecedented report is presented on the incorporation of size-dependent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capping into a conventional hole transport layer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The hole transport layer blocks ion-diffusion/migration in methylammonium-lead-bromide (MAPbBr3)-based perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) as a modified interlayer. The PVP-capped 90 nm AuNP device exhibited a seven-fold increase in efficiency (1.5%) as compared to the device without AuNPs (0.22%), where the device lifetime was also improved by 17-fold. This advancement is ascribed to the far-field scattering of AuNPs, modified work function and carrier trapping/detrapping. The improvement in device lifetime is attributed to PVP-capping of AuNPs which prevents indium diffusion into the perovskite layer and surface ion migration into PEDOT:PSS through the formation of induced electric dipole. The results also indicate that using large AuNPs (> 90 nm) reduces exciton recombination because of the trapping of excess charge carriers due to the large surface area.

Highlights

An unprecedented report is presented on the incorporation of size-dependent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capping into a conventional hole transport layer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that the surface roughness of the PEDOT:PSS was increased by increasing the size of the AuNPs (Supplementary Fig. S2)
We demonstrated the dynamics of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) containing modified PEDOT:PSS layers with different sizes of AuNPs (10 50, 90, and 100 nm)

Summary

Introduction

An unprecedented report is presented on the incorporation of size-dependent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capping into a conventional hole transport layer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The improvement in device lifetime is attributed to PVP-capping of AuNPs which prevents indium diffusion into the perovskite layer and surface ion migration into PEDOT:PSS through the formation of induced electric dipole. One of the main reasons for the low PeLED device efficiency is the presence of a high energy barrier between the work function (WF) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (5.0 eV), which is a well-known hole transport layer (HTL), and the valence band of the OIHP material (5.9 eV). PVP-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different sizes were introduced into the conventional HTL (PEDOT:PSS), and a PeLED based on a methyl-ammonium-lead-bromide (MAPbBr3) perovskite layer was constructed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the incorporation of size-controlled AuNPs with PVP capping as a modified interlayer in PeLED devices

Methods

Results

Conclusion