Improved continuous locality preserving projection for quantification of extra virgin olive oil adulteration by using laser-induced fluorescence.

Abstract

An optimized dimensionality reduction technique is proposed as the improved continuous locality preserving projection (ICLPP), which was developed by modifying and optimizing the weighting functions and weighting factors of the continuous locality preserving projection (CLPP) algorithm. With only one adjustable parameter, this optimized technique not only enhances CLPP's capability of maintaining the continuity of the massive data, but also results in better simplicity and adaptability of the algorithm. In this paper, the performance of ICLPP is validated through quantification analysis of the adulteration of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) with low-cost oils based on laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Through cross validation and comparative studies, ICLPP, combined with the regression algorithm, is employed to predict and screen adulteration in EVOO, and is found to generally outperform other state-of-the-art dimensionality reduction algorithms, especially for prediction of adulterants at low level (<10%). It is evidenced that the ICLPP-based framework is superior in detecting adulteration by using spectral data.