Improved Canopy Characterization with Laser Scanning Sensor for Greenhouse Spray Applications

Abstract

HighlightsAn algorithm was developed to process laser sensor data to make more accurate measurements of canopy dimensions.The algorithm isolated individual canopies, removed distortion, and estimated the occluded portions of the dataset.The algorithm reduced measured error by 46% in terms of root mean square error (RMSE).The RMSE was higher for sensor heights below and above a calculated optimal sensor height.Abstract. Laser-guided intelligent spray technology for greenhouse applications requires sensors that can accurately measure plant dimensions. This study proposed a new method to overcome current limitations by introducing a processing algorithm that manipulates the noisy dataset and determines the optimal sensor height to produce better measurements of the canopy width. The processing algorithm involves a combination of registration, clustering, and mirroring. Registration aligns multiple scans of the same scene to improve resolution. Clustering isolates individual plant canopies from the dataset to enable further processing. Mirroring is used to resolve the problems of distortion and occlusion and predict missing information in the dataset. The performance of the processing algorithm was evaluated by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) in the canopy width measurements. Its results were compared with the measurements reported in earlier research, where there was limited processing of the laser sensor data. The processing algorithm reduced RMSE values by 46% compared to the earlier research, and the largest improvements were seen for objects placed beyond 1.5 m from the sensor. The sensor height was observed to be inversely proportional to the RMSE values. The average RMSE of the processing algorithm was 25 mm, compared to 47 mm in the earlier research when the laser sensor was at a height of 1 m. Another experimental setup was used to test the limits of the relationship between sensor height and algorithm performance while using objects that were more representative of plant canopy shapes. The accuracy of the processing algorithm decreased when the sensor height was either above or below the optimal sensor height, which was derived from calculations made in earlier research. The processing algorithm has potential to improve spray efficiencies. Keywords: Automation, Clustering, LiDAR, Point cloud data processing, Variable-rate spray.