Abstract
AbstractThe global challenges that face sustainable sanitation services in developing countries are the lack of fecal sludge (FS) management; this is due to the rapid urbanization and population growth as it generates enormous quantities of fecal sludge. The extensive use of unimproved sanitation technologies is one of the main reasons for environmental and public health concerns. In dispersed rural areas, isolated slums or in urban areas where a sewerage system is costly, a decentralized wastewater system can be used. Therefore centralized management of decentralized wastewater systems along with proper institutional framework treatment of fecal sludge can be used to enhance the economies of developing countries from resource recovery. The discovery of new ways to inactivate pathogens contained in human waste is key in improving access to sanitation worldwide and reducing the impact of conventional waste management processes on the environment. The entire FS management system should include on-site sanitary treatment methods, collection, and transportation of FS, treatment facilities as well as resource recovery or disposal of the treated end products. This review paper addresses the hygienization of fecal sludge and improved treatment technologies for safe reuse or disposal of the end products and the significant economic revenues attained from the treatments of fecal sludge.
Highlights
Sustainable Development Goal number six of the United Nations aims to achieve universal access to ‘safely managed’ sanitation by 2030
The introduction of treatment technologies for FS management (FSM) significantly reduces the number of open defecation practices
Appropriate FSM funding is required for operation and maintenance activities of long-term functionality to avoid the crisis in sludge management and negative effects on human health and the environment
Summary
Sustainable Development Goal number six of the United Nations aims to achieve universal access to ‘safely managed’ sanitation by 2030. Due to the short residence time of septic tanks at about [1,2,3] days, septic tank effluent still contains high concentrations of organic matter, nutrients, and pathogenic microorganisms and is highly contaminated. These septic tank effluents can cause contamination of surface and groundwater resources and nearby soils, resulting in water pollution and public health risks. Compared with conventional septic tanks, high temperatures normally increase the methane-producing activity of microorganisms, which is generated in the sludge layer of the septic tank, and results in more organic matter decomposition, less total volatile solids or sludge accumulation, and higher methane (CH4) production. The perception of the local community and the availability of markets must be considered because market attractiveness of the end product from FS is a crucial criterion along with many other challenges for selecting resource recovery technologies (Dodane et al )
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