Abstract
Background Arrhythmia and heart rate variability have adverse effects on the image quality of Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE). Due to the incomplete recovery after an inversion pulse, changes in the RR-interval length induce a k-space weighting, which results in ghosting artifacts in the images. While the impact of heart-rate variability is less pronounced in 2D LGE due to short scan times (10-15 sec), it often results in non-diagnostic image quality in 3D LGE (scan time 6-10 min). Our aim is to develop a novel LGE imaging sequence for patients with heart rate variability or arrhythmia.
Highlights
Arrhythmia and heart rate variability have adverse effects on the image quality of Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE)
While the impact of heart-rate variability is less pronounced in 2D LGE due to short scan times (10-15 sec), it often results in non-diagnostic image quality in 3D LGE
In the SAturation Pulse Prepared Heart Rate independent Inversion-REcovery (SAPPHIRE) sequence, a saturation pulse is applied immediately after the ECG R-wave to erases the magnetization history at the beginning of each heartbeat. This saturation pulse is followed by a regular inversion pulse before k-space sampling, analogous to the conventional LGE sequence
Summary
Arrhythmia and heart rate variability have adverse effects on the image quality of Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE). While the impact of heart-rate variability is less pronounced in 2D LGE due to short scan times (10-15 sec), it often results in non-diagnostic image quality in 3D LGE (scan time 6-10 min). The numerical phantom parallels a cardiac short axis view with four compartments (LV, RV, myocardium and scar), where the simulated T1-times ranged from 350 ms to 560 ms. To simulate arrhythmia in the phantom images and the numerical simulations, multiple ECGs with normal distributed RR-interval lengths were computed, with a mean RR-interval length of 667 ms (i.e., heart rate of 90 bpm) and a standard-deviation of 200 ms - 400 ms (30% - 60% of the mean)
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