Abstract
For decades, we were taught that pin gap must be kept to a minimum to reduce reflection and hence improve device performance and measurement accuracy. Yet, measurement inconsistencies were observed between calibration methods, such as sliding load, TRL and offset short, especially at frequencies above 18 GHz. Measurement repeatability was another frustrating experience for practitioners of high precision measurements, such as TRL calibration. The root cause of these measurement inconsistencies wasn't identified until recently. The connector and gap was discovered and finally these measurement inconsistencies can be explained with an appropriate model. This paper will review the observed measurement issues, present the theoretical base of the effect and show how measurement accuracy can be improved.
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