Important Teaching Materials for Education in Ideology and Political Line

Assessment of the risk of nosocomial 2009 H1N1 influenza infection among obstetric care workers

The relationship between officers and men in the Chinese People's Liberation Army is a relationship of equality among ordinary workers. This sort of equality is the embodiment of the communist spirit. It is a glorious tradition long held by the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Early in the founding of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chairman Mao established the unity of officers and men as one of the principles of PLA military construction. For several decades the Chinese People's Liberation Army has consistently followed Chairman Mao's instructions, taking the principle of unity of officers and men and the idea of equality between officers and men, and making these the basic principles in managing relationships within the army. Under the guidance of these principles, army officers are leaders, but they also live among the masses of soldiers. Their appearance is that of an ordinary soldier, and they are under the surveillance of the masses. Soldiers are followers, but they also have the right to take part in the management of their companies. Soldiers and officers are politically equal. This kind of equality is an extremely important factor in guaranteeing that our army will defeat even those enemies that are much more powerful than we are.

Introduction The number of the deceased organ donors after citizen´s death in China has been increasing during the last years reaching in 2016 a donation rate of 2.98 donors per million per population (pmp) (a total number of 4080 donors).The 303 Hospital of Chinese People´s Liberation Army started the donation activity in 2007 and in 2016 created an autonomic hospital department (ODAC) dedicated to organ donation and organ procurement based on the Spanish model of organ donation and transplantation. The main characteristic of this model is the identification of all the potential patients that may develop to brain death. Objective To evaluate the impact of the creation of ODAC in the organ donation and procurement activity in the No.303 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army. Material and Methods Data about kidney donation and transplantation at the No.303 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and Chinese Scientific Registry of Kidney Transplantation from December 2007 to December 2016 were collected. ODAC of the No.303 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army oversees the donation in 25 hospitals that cover a population of 15 million inhabitants. Results From 2007 till 2015 (a nine years’ period) the number of the deceased organ donation after citizen's death obtained from the No.303 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army was 265 donors with an average of 29 donors per year (1.9 pmp). In 2016 after the creation of the ODAC that applies the Spanish model on donation and transplantation the number of donors increased up to 125 (8.3 pmp). These results ranked the region among the five top Chinese regions in terms of donation activities. The donors have an average age of 41 years. From these donors, 248 kidneys and 93 livers were transplanted. The incidence of acute kidney rejection was 13.7 %, of respiratory infection was 6 % and the graft survival at one year was 98.7 %. Conclusion the creation of the hospital department dedicated to the Organ donation and Organ procurement, following the international models on donation and transplantation and adapted to the regional characteristics facilitate the significant increase in the donation and transplantation rates with excellent survival of the kidney and liver graft.

In 2009, China's military legislation construction lifted up a banner of socialism with Chinese characteristic. The People's Armed Police Force is an important component of China's armed forces; its function is mainly to bear the task of security guards and maintenance of social order. The promulgation and execution of Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Armed Police Force provided the basic legal basis for the armed police force to fulfill its functions and duties. Regulations on the Management of Military Uniforms stipulated the related responsibilities of military and local responsible departments concerned. The newly revised Program on the Ideological and Political Education of the Chinese People's Liberation Army provided the basis for the whole army to carry out ideological and political education, in which the ideological and political education work of the Chinese army has realized standardization and institutionalization. Keywords:China's military legislation; Chinese People's Armed Police Forces; Chinese People's Liberation Army; Management of Military Uniforms

Conclusions The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) is a force of slowly improving, but still limited capabilities. Doctrinal and financial deficiencies will delay the PLA's ability to conduct sustained force projection for at least a decade. PLA leaders have been forced to pursue selective modernization. Specific improvements in naval, air, and ground force capabilities will enable the PLA to maintain the credibility of Chinese claims in the South China Sea and influence the decisions of Taiwan's leaders. But the PLA cannot seize and hold territories in the South China Sea. If China were to unch a war of attrition against Taiwan, China could eventually prevail, at a very high cost. A blockade might enable China to gain a political settlement on its terms. However, either action could fail if Taiwan were to receive significant external assistance. Economic development imperatives will motivate civilian and military leaders to avoid conflict unless China's sovereignty is directly challenged. Substantive relations between the U.S. military and the PLA are essential. PLA leaders need to make critical professional, technical, and political decisions about the future. It is important that the United States engage the PLA while it is possible to affect outcomes. Military Modernization and Regional Uncertainties Among the many uncertainties of the Asian security environment, none is more compelling than that surrounding the modernization program of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. For some observers, the combination of economic growth and force improvement signals Beijing's intention to establish regional hegemony. Others acknowledge that the PLA can spoil United States' interests. But, citing the selective nature of PLA force improvements, Beijing's interest in regional stability, and the growing conventional capabilities of other regional powers, they tend to discount a PLA military threat. Chinese secrecy compounds the difficulty. China has greater military power today than it did a decade ago. If Beijing were willing to pay the price, the PLA could wreak great damage. However, in assessing China's future threat potential, it is essential to consider the economic, political, and strategic constraints on PLA modernization. Such considerations suggest that the PLA is years away from achieving the capability to project military force in a sustained manner. Strategic Intentions: National Objectives and National Strategy PLA officers enthusiastically support the defining objective of Beijing's national strategy, which is to see China assume the status of a great power. Nationalism and the weight of the past are important factors. A strong China will never again be subject to the humiliations of the past. China's leaders believe that the key to great power status is to build a world-class economy and military. This requires maintaining a stable external environment to support high levels of economic growth. Conflict is to be avoided. Obvious exceptions involve sovereignty issues such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, or the South China Sea. PLA leaders actively support China's present economic policies. Military leaders feel that, in addition to serving national strategic objectives, the policies provide the best means of acquiring the capabilities required in high-technology warfare. Reconstituting the PLA into a modern military force has been the goal of the military modernization program the PLA has pursued since the early 1980s. Lack of information about the military modernization program, in turn, is also the source of much of the uncertainty about China's future intentions. Uncertain Progress During the last decade, the military reduced its numbers by more than one million, introduced ranks, reformed education and training systems, implemented a reserve system, began to modernize its doctrine, and entered upon a modest program of weapons and equipment modernization. …

: I am pleased to introduce The Chinese People s Liberation Army of 2025 which is the 2014 edition of an ongoing series on the People s Liberation Army (PLA) co-published by the Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), the National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR), and the United States Pacific Command (USPACOM). This volume builds on previous volumes and identifies potential trajectories for PLA force modernization and mission focus, and how these potential changes could impact external actors. This volume is of special relevance today in light of the profound changes occurring within the PLA. I have spent a considerable amount of my professional career in the Western Pacific and, during that time, I have witnessed first-hand the rapid expansion of the size and capability of the PLA as it pursues a longterm, comprehensive military modernization program. China s desire to develop a military commensurate with its diverse interests is both legitimate and understandable. The challenge for USPACOM, and the reason why this volume is timely and important, is to understand how China will employ this growing military capability in support of its interests. The scholarship presented in this edition addresses the uncertainty surrounding the potential direction of the PLA by examining three distinct focus areas: Domestic, External, and Technological Drivers of PLA Modernization; Alternative Futures for the PLA; and, Implications for the Region, World, and U.S.-China Relations. The analysis provides an insightful perspective into the factors shaping and propelling the PLA s modernization, its potential future orientation ranging from internally focused to globally focused, and how the PLA s choices may impact China s relations with its neighbors and the world. NBR and SSI have, once again, provided an outstanding contribution to the growing body of research and analysis on the PLA.

ON THE OUTRAGES BY BRITISH WARSHIPS – STATEMENT BY THE SPOKESMAN OF THE GENERAL HEADQUARTERS OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY

1Department of Orthopedics, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, PR China 2Department of Anesthesiology, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, PR China K. Hua ✉, Department of Orthopaedics, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, PR China, 730070, Email: [email protected] (RE: Dahl OE, Pripp AH. Does the risk of death within 48 hours of hip hemiarthroplasty differ between patients treated with cemented and cementless implants? A meta-analysis of large, national registries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2022;480:343-350.) The institution of one or more of the authors has received, during the study period, funding from Key R&D Program of Gansu Province (21YF5FA154). Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writer, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR® or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®.

Space warfare will be an integrated part of battle planning by the Chinese People's Liberation Army in any future conflict with the United States. The People's Liberation Army has carefully absorbed and is reacting to what the American armed forces have published on space warfare and counter-space operations. Chinese strategists and legal scholars are engaged in an internal debate on how traditional ideas of sovereignty and the laws of war apply in space. One authoritative volume explored the importance of ensuring that the People's Liberation Army sets out legal justifications for military actions in advance of any conflict. Chinese scholars believe that many of the concepts surrounding the conduct of war on the “common seas” apply in space. Also, there is disagreement between the United States and China on the American position on outer space. The United States treats “peaceful uses” to mean “non-aggressive,” whereas the Chinese interpretation is that to be peaceful uses, it must be “non-military.”

: title of this volume, The Lessons of History: Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75, captures well the overall theme of the twelve chapters that follow. primary focus is not on summarizing the lessons that analysts or scholars from outside China have learned when they look back at the past three-quarters of a century of Chinese military history. Rather, the emphasis of this volume is to assess key lessons that the top ranks of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) have drawn from their own military's 75- year history. reader should be clear at the outset: this volume is not a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the state of the PLA; nor is it a comprehensive 75-year history of the Chinese communist military. Anyone seeking these will have to look elsewhere. primary value of this volume, we believe, is that it provides insights into what Chinese military leaders themselves take from their past.

THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S Liberation Army (PLA) is often referred to in China as Great Wall of the Chinese Communist regime. The Gang of Four and their associates are probably the first to learn the true meaning, albeit the hard way, of that honorific. The learning experience of the gang in China has unintentionally benefited students of Chinese affairs in the West because the intense struggle for power between the PLA High Command and the radicals from 1974 to 1976 has exposed the PLA's corporate interests in their entirety and the PLA's role in Chinese Consequently, the myth of the PLA as a unique army in the world in terms of its ideological commitment, is dispelled once and for all. The PLA High Command and the majority of its officers are no exception to the universal pattern of 'soldiers in politics. According to Eric Nordlinger, the politics of an officer corps is based on three sociological foundations of the military establishment. First, the officer corps has been a middle class preserve. As such, the officers, as a rule, are revolutionary while contesting with the hereditary aristocracy. But the officers turn to conservatism when up against radical mobilization of the lower classes. Second, the military as a bureaucratic organization has predisposed the officers to make order, hierarchy, achievement criteria in promotion, and the rationality principle in the decision-making process prime values. Third, the officers as professionals jealously guard their autonomy, exclusiveness (prevention of

This August 1 is the thirty-sixth anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. For thirty-six years, under the leadership of the Party Central Committee and Comrade Mao Tse-tung, the Chinese People's Liberation Army has developed into a people's army possessing a high degree of political consciousness and a strong fighting capability. It has carried out well its glorious duties of protecting the homeland, protecting the labor of the people, protecting the social order, and defending the socialist system.

: On November 23, 2013, China s Ministry of National Defense spokesman announced that a new air defense intercept zone (ADIZ) will be established by the government to include the Diaoyu, or Senkaku Islands. Sovereignty over these islands is disputed by Japan, China, and Taiwan. Pundits and policy analysts quickly engaged in a broad debate about whether China s expanded ADIZ is designed to create tension in Asia, or is part of a broader plan to impose a new definition of China s territorial space in the Asia-Pacific region. Meanwhile, to deal with cyber penetrations attributed to the Chinese People s Liberation Army (PLA), the U.S. Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, and State are devising new means to protect intellectual property and secrets from the PLA s computer network operations.

THE PRESENT SITUATION AND OUR TASKS

Damage control resuscitation (DCR) and damage control surgery (DCS) has now been developed as a well-established standard of care for severely injured civilian patients worldwide. On the other hand, the application of combat DCR/DCS has saved the lives of thousands of severely injured casualties in several wars during the last two decades. This article describes the great progress on DCR/DCS in the last two decades and its application in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). The main development of the advanced theories of combat DCR/DCS including the global integration of DCR/DCS, application of remote battlefield DCR, balanced hemostatic resuscitation in combat hospitals and enhancement of en route DCR. There are two key factors that determine the feasibility of combat DCR: one is the availability of resources and supplies to implement the advanced theories of combat DCR/DCS, the other is the availability of qualified personnel who master the skills needed for the implementation of DCR/DCS. In the PLA, the advanced theories of combat DCR/DCS have now been widely accepted, and some of related advanced products, such as fresh-frozen plasma, packed red blood cells, and platelets, have been available in Level III medical facilities. In conclusion, great progress in combat DCR/DCS has been achieved in recent years, and the Chinese PLA is keeping good pace with this development, although there is still room for improvement.