Abstract
Nicotiana alata is an ornamental horticultural plant with a variety of flower colors and a long flowering period. The genes in four different colored N. alata (white, purple, red, and lemon green) were analyzed to explain the differences in flower color using transcriptomes. A total of 32 differential expression genes in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and 41 in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were identified. The enrichment analysis showed that the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway play critical roles in the color differences of N. alata. The HEMA of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway was up-regulated in lemon green flowers. Compared with white flowers, in the red and purple flowers, F3H, F3′5′H and DFR were significantly up-regulated, while FLS was significantly down-regulated. Seventeen differential expression genes homologous to transcription factor coding genes were obtained, and the homologues of HY5, MYB12, AN1 and AN4 were also involved in flower color differences. The discovery of these candidate genes related to flower color differences is significant for further research on the flower colors formation mechanism and color improvements of N. alata.
Highlights
Nicotiana alata belongs to the Solanaceae family, which is used as an ornamental horticultural plant because of its rich and bright colors and long flowering period [1,2]
The chlorophyll metabolism pathway has been studied in petals in many species, such as carnation [5], chrysanthemum [4,6,7] and petunia [8]. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) biosynthesis is the rate-limiting step of chlorophyll synthesis, and ALA is formed from glutamyl-tRNA by two enzymatic steps
Analysis of protein interaction networks of Differential Expression Genes (DEGs), which were homologous to genes which encode TFs and structural enzymes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, Flower is an essential of PhAN4 plants.(Nala727362), Bright flower color is favorable to showed thatcolor homologues of AtHY5 character (Nala995950), PhAN2 (Nala1928281), SlMYB12 (Nala1964987), PhAN1 (Nala719468)
Summary
Nicotiana alata belongs to the Solanaceae family, which is used as an ornamental horticultural plant because of its rich and bright colors and long flowering period [1,2]. The bZIP, MYB, bHLH and WD40-repeat are major transcription factor families that regway, DFR promotes anthocyanins accumulation, making the flowers redder or more ulate the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway [22,23,24,25,26]. FLS to compete for substrates color change (coral-pink-pale yellow) of peony, its expression increased at first andand the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, decreasing anthocyanin accumulation lighter decreased. It promotes FLS to compete for substrates from pression of DFR alone or in cooperation with AN2 (MYB family), and the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, decreasing anthocyanin accumulation and lighter. (MBW) protein complex, whichtechnology is the key regulator to flower activate color anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in studies of the of ornamental plants has become mature [32,33,34]. These findings could provide a genetic basis for the mechanisms of flower color formation and genetic improvement of N. alata
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