Importance of the Polymorphisms of the Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Gene (TMPT) Determination in Mexican Mestizo Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

Abstract

Background: Polymorphisms at the thiopurine S-methyltransferase coding gene (TPMT) determine enzyme activity and consequently, the development of toxicity secondary to thiopurines.Methods: A total of 108 DNA samples from volunteer donors and 39 from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were analyzed. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes was isolated by standard methods. Known (wild-type and polymorphic) sequenced polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments of the TPMT gene were used as controls. TPMT gene fragments were amplified for exons 5, 7 and 10. Thereafter, PCR products were analyzed by denaturating high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) for the most frequent mutant TPMT alleles, according to the method developed by Schaeffeler et al. on an analysis system from Transgenomics.Results: No elution profiles on DHPLC analysis, different from those previously reported, were documented. Frequency of allele polymorphisms was 27.3% in healthy and 19.7% in ALL population. However, only 17.6% of all polymorphisms found are considered functional, the most frequent being *3A (n = 13; 4.4%), followed by *3B (n = 5; 1.7%), *3C (n = 5; 1.7%), and *2 (n = 3; 1.0%). From 39 ALL patients, 22 were treated with thiopurines, and particularly one patient, who was referred to our Hospital to investigate relapse, after developing pancytopenia while on treatment with thiopurine, had a TPMT*3C allele. He required broad spectrum antibiotics, platelets transfusions, as well as G-CSF. This example illustrates that TPMT polymorphisms must be determined before thiopurines are indicated.Conclusions: DHPLC is a highly sensitive, rapid and efficient method to identify relevant TPMT gene mutations which allows the screening for genetic variability in the TPMT gene. This is the first analysis of the polymorphisms at this gene in Mexican population. The frequency of known polymorphisms was similar to those reported in other regions worldwide. Since a direct relation has been documented within functional polymorphisms and enzyme activity, and this methology is feasible to realize in any phase during the treatment of ALL patients, the routine typing of TPMT polymorphisms in the patients with ALL has been set in our Institution.Table 1Frequency of TPMT polymorphisms in mexican populationPopulationTPMT*1TPMT*1STPMT*2TPMT*3ATPMT*3BTPMT*3CHealthy n(%)50 (72.7)42 (19.4)2 (0.92)7 (3.24)5 (2.3)3 (1.4)ALL* n(%)24 (80.3)5 (6.9)2 (2.7)6 (7.6)--2 (2.5)* Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia