Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major limitations that inhibit plant growth and development in acidic soils. In acidic soils (pH < 5.0), phototoxic-aluminum (Al3+) rapidly inhibits root growth, and subsequently affects water and nutrient uptake in plants. This review updates the existing knowledge concerning the role of mineral nutrition for alleviating Al toxicity in plants to acid soils. Here, we explored phosphorus (P) is more beneficial in plants under P-deficient, and Al toxic conditions. Exogenous P addition increased root respiration, plant growth, chlorophyll content, and dry matter yield. Calcium (Ca) amendment (liming) is effective for correcting soil acidity, and for alleviating Al toxicity. Magnesium (Mg) is able to prevent Al migration through the cytosolic plasma membrane in root tips. Sulfur (S) is recognized as a versatile element that alleviates several metals toxicity including Al. Moreover, silicon (Si), and other components such as industrial byproducts, hormones, organic acids, polyamines, biofertilizers, and biochars played promising roles for mitigating Al toxicity in plants. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of several new methods and low-cost effective strategies relevant to the exogenous application of mineral nutrition on Al toxicity mitigation. This information would be effective for further improvement of crop plants in acid soils.
Highlights
Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents a serious limitation to plant production in acid soils worldwide, as approximately 40–50% of the world’s total potential arable land consists of acidic soils [1] Acid soils are globally distributed and comprise approximately 30% of the total area of the earth [2]
This result suggests that woody plants that normally thrive in soil with high concentrations of free Al have evolved internal mechanisms to cope with Al toxicity
This extensive review clarified that Al toxicity can be effectively mitigated in plants by the application of nutrient elements in optimum quantities
Summary
Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents a serious limitation to plant production in acid soils worldwide, as approximately 40–50% of the world’s total potential arable land consists of acidic soils [1] Acid soils (pH 5.5 or lower) are globally distributed and comprise approximately 30% of the total area of the earth [2]. Low-cost effective and environmentally friendly approaches are in high demand In this regard, the application of mineral nutrition would be a suitable strategy for minimizing Al toxicity in plants to acid soils. The application of mineral nutrients to mitigate Al toxicity in plants exposed to acid soils is the most recent and important research topic in this field. Captivating materials have been distributed in the current literature pinning down Al toxicity at various levels of plant cells and organisms, the application of mineral nutrition would be an effective strategy to counteract Al toxicity These updated findings might disclose new avenues for minerals leading to physiological, molecular and agricultural inquiries into Al toxicity that markedly advances our understanding. Sandy clay loam Forest; urban and industrial areas Stony brown, brown, dense brown hill soil
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