Abstract
Taking advantage of high-throughput technologies, deep sequencing of the human microbiome has revealed commensal bacteria independent of the ability to culture them. The composition of the commensal microbiome is dependent on bacterial diversity and the state of the host regulated by the immune system. Candida species are well known as components of the commensal oral microbiota. Candida species frequently colonize and develop biofilms on medical devices like dentures and catheters. Therefore, Candida biofilm on dentures leads to a decrease in the bacterial diversity and then to a change in the composition of the oral microbiota. A disturbance in the balance between commensal bacteria and the host immune system results in a switch from a healthy state to a diseased state even in the limited oral niche.
Highlights
The progression of a global aging population has been accompanied by severe problems in oral health because aging induces risk factors like tooth loss, wearing dentures, senescence of tissues, and systemic diseases, which may disturb the oral homeostasis [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
Periodontitis is induced by a change in the balance between oral bacteria and the host defense mechanisms [14,15,16]
Environmental fungi such as Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Saccharomycetales, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Cryptococcus were unexpected in the oral cavity of healthy individuals, they were detected in the oral wash samples
Summary
The progression of a global aging population has been accompanied by severe problems in oral health because aging induces risk factors like tooth loss, wearing dentures, senescence of tissues, and systemic diseases (diabetes, malignancies, implantations of tissues, etc.), which may disturb the oral homeostasis [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Especially Candida albicans, is a normal component of the human flora. C. albicans causes oral candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts [11,12,13]. Periodontitis is induced by a change in the balance between oral bacteria and the host defense mechanisms [14,15,16]. The role of Candida species in the oral microbiota has not been well studied. As shown, the presence of Candida species and the pathogens of periodontitis in generally healthy subjects is described. The microbiology of periodontitis including Candida species in HIV infected patients is described
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