Abstract
In the current aging society of Japan, malnutrition and resultant sarcopenia have been widely identified as important symptomatic indicators of ill health and can cause impairments of longevity and quality of life in older individuals. Elderly individuals are recommended to have sufficient calorie and protein intake so as to enjoy a satisfactory quality of life, including maintaining activities of daily living in order to avoid emaciation and sarcopenia. The prevalence of emaciation and sarcopenia in elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients in Japan is higher than in non-HD elderly subjects due to the presence of malnutrition and sarcopenia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, comorbidities, such as diabetes and osteoporosis, induce malnutrition and sarcopenia in HD patients. This review presents findings regarding the mechanisms of the development of these early symptomatic conditions and their significance for impaired QOL and increased mortality in elderly HD patients.
Highlights
The society of Japan is aging, and the percentage of predialysis-chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is greater in older populations; it is not surprising that the number of elderly CKD patients who require renal replacement therapy (RRT) has been increasing.Since as few as 3% of dialysis patients can be maintained on peritoneal dialysis [1] and kidney transplantation is uncommon [2], most end-stage CKD patients undergo hemodialysis (HD) as RRT
Impaired QOL in elderly HD patients changes patients’ condition from independent living to the requirement of physical support or Nutrients 2021, 13, 2377 co-morbidities that may impair a satisfactory quality of life (QOL), and cause emaciation and sarcopenia, is increasing
[9], which is supported by the findings showing the benfactor for malnutrition and sarcopenia [9], which is supported by the findings showing eficial effects of a high-protein diet or amino supplementation on nutritional state, as the beneficial effects of a high-protein diet oracid amino acid supplementation on nutritional assessed by improved serum albumin and various nutritional markers state, as assessed by improved serum albumin and various nutritional markers [10]
Summary
The society of Japan is aging, and the percentage of predialysis-chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is greater in older populations; it is not surprising that the number of elderly CKD patients who require renal replacement therapy (RRT) has been increasing. Along with the aging of the HD patient population, the number of co-morbidities that may impair a satisfactory quality of life (QOL), and cause emaciation and sarcopenia, is increasing. Impaired QOL in elderly HD patients changes patients’ condition from independent living to the requirement of physical support or Nutrients 2021, 13, 2377 co-morbidities that may impair a satisfactory quality of life (QOL), and cause emaciation and sarcopenia, is increasing. Impaired QOL in elderly HD patients changes patients’ condition from independent living to the requirement of physical support or nursnursing [5], impairing quality a potential.
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