Importance of Combining Advanced Particle Size Analysis Techniques To Characterize Cell-Penetrating Peptide–Ferrocifen Self-Assemblies

Abstract

The design of a simple platform to target the delivery of notably hydrophobic drugs into cancer cells is an ultimate goal. Here, three strategies were combined in the same nanovector, in limiting the use of excipients: cell-penetrating peptides, an amphiphilic prodrug, and self-assembly. Light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy revealed one size population of objects around 100 nm with a narrow size distribution. However, in-depth analysis of the suspension by nanoparticle tracking analysis, small-angle X-ray scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusometry demonstrated the presence of another population of small objects (<2 nm). It has been shown that these small self-assemblies represented >99% of the matter! This presence was clearly and unambiguously demonstrated by NMR diffusometry experiments. The study highlights the importance and the complementary contribution of each characterization method to reflect the reality of the studied nanoassembly.