Abstract
Self-esteem is the "feeling of self-appreciation" and is an indispensable emotion for people to adapt to society and live their lives. For children, in particular, the environment in which they are raised contributes profoundly to the development of their self-esteem, which in turn helps them to adapt better to society. Various psychologists have provided definitions of self-esteem, and examined methods of objectively evaluating self-esteem. Questionnaire-style assessment methods for adult include Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Janis-Field Feeling of Inadequacy Scale, and these for children include Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, Pope's 5-Scale Test of Self-Esteem for children, and Kid- KINDL®. Other methods include Ziller Social Self-Esteem Scale and Implicit Association Test. The development of children's self-esteem is heavily influenced by their environment, that is, their homes, neighborhoods, and schools. Children with damaged self-esteem are at risk of developing psychological and social problems, which hinders recovery from low self-esteem. Thus, to recover low self-esteem, it is important for children to accumulate a series of successful experiences to create a positive concept of self. Evaluating children's self-esteem can be an effective method for understanding their past and present circumstances, and useful to treat for children with psychosomatic disorders.
Highlights
UNICEF’s adoption of the document “A World Fit for Children” (2002) states that children, including adolescents, must be empowered to exercise their right to expression in accordance with their evolving capacity; build self-esteem; and acquire knowledge and skills needed for conflict resolution, decision-making, communication, and endurance of life’s challenges
Results showed that social objects with greater value tend to be placed to the left in the horizontal display; the absolute difference between location of self and a low-status social object is significantly associated with the left to right location of the self; left-right location of the self is significantly associated with the up-down location of the self
Our study revealed that family dysfunction problems such as a family member with a psychiatric disorder, economic hardship, or experience of child abuse have an impact on self-esteem
Summary
UNICEF’s adoption of the document “A World Fit for Children” (2002) states that children, including adolescents, must be empowered to exercise their right to expression in accordance with their evolving capacity; build self-esteem; and acquire knowledge and skills needed for conflict resolution, decision-making, communication, and endurance of life’s challenges. Measurement methods developed for younger children include Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, Pope’s 5-Scale Test of SelfEsteem for children, and Kid- KINDL®. If selfesteem has been damaged in several different areas, maladjustment to a degree that requires medical consultation is likely to develop and treatment is likely to be difficult These results imply, that even children with many different issues can show improvement without necessarily improving self-esteem in all areas of life, that is, if their self-evaluations are augmented by acceptance by someone at home, school, or elsewhere. Upon reflection of his relationship with his parents, we were able to reaffirm that he was accepted within his family He completed Pope’s 5-Scale Test of Self-Esteem for Children again upon discharge, and showed improvement in areas other than Academic Scale and Body Scale.
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