Implicature phenomena in classical rhetoric

Abstract

Should pragmatics incorporate some key notions of classical rhetoric, or is it better to insist on its own concepts? How do we imagine the relationship between pragmatics and rhetoric? The aim of this paper is to explore three classic rhetorical terms (enthymeme, trope, and figure of thought) as being closely related to Gricean implicature. After discussing different attitudes to rhetoric held among pragmaticists, the definitions are scrutinized and straightforward examples are analyzed in the light of the literature on implicatures. It is argued that classical rhetoric describes a great number of phenomena on empirical grounds which manifest themselves not only in public speeches but in everyday conversations as well. Although tropes have been discussed extensively, figures of thought are gravely understudied in pragmatics (with a few exceptions such as the simile and the rhetorical question). The paper specifies which figures of thought convey, per se, conversational implicature. It is difficult to assess, however, the similarity of enthymeme to implicature because of their vagueness. As a link between rhetoric and pragmatics, the two notions are proposed to complement each other: enthymemes have one or more missing premises, whereas in case of implicatures it is the conclusion which remains unexpressed.