Implications of Symmetry and Pressure in Friedmann Cosmology. II. Stellar Remnant Black Hole Mass Function

K. S. Croker,D. Farrah,K. A. Nishimura

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5aff

K. S. Croker, D. Farrah + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5aff

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Abstract

Abstract We consider some observational consequences of replacing all black holes (BHs) with a class of non-singular solutions that mimic BHs but with dark energy (DE) interiors; GEneric Objects of DE (GEODEs). We focus on the BH mass function and chirp-mass redshift distribution of mergers visible to gravitational-wave observatories. We incorporate the GEODE blueshift into an initially Salpeter stellar remnant distribution, and model the binary population by evolving synthesized binary remnant distributions, published before LIGO’s first measurements. We find that a GEODE produced between 20 ≲ z ≲ 40, and observed at z ∼ 7, will have its initial mass amplified by ∼20–140×. This can relieve tension between accretion-only growth models and the inferred masses of BHs in quasars at z ≳ 6. Moreover, we find that merger rates of GEODE binaries increase by a factor of ∼2× relative to classical BHs. The resulting GEODE mass function is consistent with the most recent LIGO constraints at <0.5σ. In contrast, a Salpeter stellar distribution that evolves into classical remnants is in tension at ≳2σ. This agreement occurs without low-metallicity regions, abnormally massive progenitor stars, novel formation channels, or primordial object formation at extreme rates. In particular, we find that solar metallicity progenitors, which produce 1.1–1.8M ⊙ remnants, overlap with many LIGO observations when evolved as GEODEs.

Highlights

Advanced LIGO and other planned observatories (e.g. Dwyer et al 2015) are providing an unprecedented census of compact objects
We find that a GEneric Object of Dark Energy (GEODE) produced between 20 z 40, and observed at z ∼ 7, will have its initial mass amplified by ∼ 20 − 140×
We report the results of processing the double compact object (DCO) population through Keplerian orbital decay

Summary

Introduction

Advanced LIGO and other planned observatories (e.g. Dwyer et al 2015) are providing an unprecedented census of compact objects. In the typical scenario (e.g. Dominik et al 2012), a progenitor binary stellar distribution at some redshift z is processed via common envelope and core-collapse physics into a remnant distribution. In this way, tomographic information on the black hole mass function (BHMF) can be used to constrain the formation and growth of compact remnants. The simplest example of a GEODE is the de-Sitter sphere, first proposed by Gliner (1966) as a non-singular end stage of stellar gravitational collapse. It is notable that GEODEs are not restricted to gravitational collapse, and can include “vacuum bubbles,” or isolated regions of energized vacuum (Berezin et al 1987) These are examples of GEODEs, which need not even be stationary

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