Implications of different analgesic models on inflammatory markers after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Abstract

Despite its advantages, laparoscopic surgery causes significant shoulder and abdominal pain in 35%-80% of patients. The cause of post-laparoscopy pain is not fully understood, but it is assumed to be a multifactorial referred pain. To evaluate the effect of different analgesia techniques on post-laparoscopic pain and inflammatory markers. Patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to receive local hepatic and right subdiaphragmatic infiltration of one of the 4 study drug combinations: Group 1 (G1) received 20 ml bupivacaine 0.25%; Group 2 (G2) received 20 ml bupivacaine 0.25% +3 mg morphine sulphate; Group 3 (G3) received 20 ml bupivacaine 0.25% + 3 mg morphine sulphate +200 µg/kg ketamine; and Group 4 (G4) received 20 ml isotonic saline as the control group. In G3, both shoulder pain on the verbal numerical rating scale and inflammatory marker levels were lower compared with the other groups. The highest levels of inflammatory markers were observed in the control group; this difference was statistically significant. No side effects or complications were observed in the study groups. The addition of ketamine and morphine to bupivacaine for hepatic and subdiaphragmatic infiltration produced good analgesia and reduced inflammatory marker levels after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.