Abstract
BackgroundEnvironmental and physiological conditions make older adults more likely to lose synchronization to their local time and experience sleep disturbances. A regular, 24-hour light/dark cycle promotes synchronization. It is now well established that the circadian system is maximally sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) light. The purpose of the present study was to measure dose effectiveness (amounts and durations) of short-wavelength (blue) light for stimulating the circadian systems of older adults. We investigated the impact of six corneal irradiances (0.7 to 72 μW/cm2) of 470-nm light on nocturnal melatonin production. Nine participants, each over 50 years of age completed a within-subjects study. Each week, participants were exposed to one of the six irradiances of 470-nm light for 90 minutes.FindingsA two-factor (6 corneal irradiances × 10 exposure durations), within-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the melatonin suppression levels. The ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of corneal irradiance (F5, 30 = 9.131, p < 0.0001), a significant main effect of exposure duration (F9, 54 = 5.731, p < 0.0001), and a significant interaction between these two variables (F45,270 = 1.927, p < 0.001). Post hoc t-tests revealed that corneal irradiances as low as 2 μW/cm2 reliably suppressed melatonin after 90-minute exposure whereas 0.7 μW/cm2 did not.ConclusionsSleep disorders are common and a serious problem for millions of older adults. The present results showed that comfortable, precise and effective doses of light can be prescribed to older adults to reliably stimulate the circadian system that presumably would promote entrainment and, thus, regular sleep. Field studies on the impact of short-wavelength-light doses on sleep efficiency in older adults should be performed.
Highlights
A large and growing body of research shows that a regular, 24-hour light/dark cycle synchronizes circadian rhythms in all species, including humans, to local time on earth
The present results showed that comfortable, precise and effective doses of light can be prescribed to older adults to reliably stimulate the circadian system that presumably would promote entrainment and, regular sleep
Light levels required to activate the circadian system are higher than those required for vision [1]
Summary
A large and growing body of research shows that a regular, 24-hour light/dark cycle synchronizes circadian rhythms in all species, including humans, to local time on earth. Since older adults are less active and tend to stay indoors more often where light levels tend to be low, they may not be exposed to lighting that sufficiently stimulates their circadian system [2] These same older adults commonly have less light reaching their retina due to natural age-related reductions in pupil size (senile miosis) and in crystalline lens transmission [3]. Together, these environmental and physiological conditions make older adults more likely to lose entrainment to their local time and, as a result, more likely to experience sleep disturbances [2,4,5]. Participants were exposed to one of the six irradiances of 470-nm light for 90 minutes
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