Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has resulted in high mortality worldwide. However, information regarding cardiac markers for precise risk-stratification is limited. We aimed to discover a sensitive and reliable early-warning biomarker for optimizing management and improving COVID-19 patients’ prognosis. Methods: This single-center case series was conducted between February 4 and April 10, 2020. In total, 2,954 consecutive COVID-19 patients who were receiving treatment at Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital in China were included in the retrospectively selected cohort. All patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated at the study site. Data of serum levels of cardiac markers, coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis, and survival were collected after admission. Single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed to analyze severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor expression.Findings: Median patient age was 60 years (range, 50-68 years); 1,461 (49.5%) were female, and 1,515 (51.3%) patients were in a severe/critical condition. Compared to mild/moderate patients (1,439, 48.7%), severe/critical patients showed significantly higher levels of cardiac markers within the first week after admission. Among severe/critical COVID-19 patients, those with abnormal serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide had a significantly higher mortality rate than patients with normal levels. Severe/critical COVID-19 patients with pre-existing CAD (165/1,155 [10.9%]) had more cases of abnormal brain natriuretic peptide levels than those without CAD. Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression was observed in patients with CAD. Regression analysis revealed that patients with elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels were at a higher risk of death (hazards ratio, 1.001 [95% confidence interval, 1.0003-1.002]).Interpretation: Brain natriuretic peptide is an effective biomarker for risk assessment in COVID-19 patients with or without pre-existing CAD. The detection of BNP is widely used in clinical practice and can be easily implemented in hospitals at all levels.Funding Statement: This research was supported by grants from National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31771334, 81970428, 91959113, 81972358, 81572893), the Key Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81820108002), the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91649125, 91639204), Key Foundation of Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital (Grant No. 2020[18]), Key Research & Development Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant Nos. BE2017733, BE2018713), Medical Innovation Project of Logistics Service (Grant No. 18JS005), Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20180036), and the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No.18KJB180014).Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.Ethics Approval Statement: The study design was approved by the institutional ethics board. Written informed consent was waived due to the urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has led to an ongoing global outbreak
In severe/critical COVID-19 patients, those with abnormal serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (42 [24.6%] vs 7 [1.1%]), High-sensitivity troponin I (hs-TNI) (38 [48.1%] vs 6 [1.0%]), α- HBDH (55 [10.4%] vs 2 [0.2%]), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) (45 [36.3%] vs 12 [0.9%]), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (56 [12.5%] vs 1 [0.1%]) had a significantly higher mortality rate compared to patients with normal levels
Brain natriuretic peptide is an effective biomarker for risk assessment in COVID-19 patients with or without pre-existing coronary artery disease (CAD)
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has led to an ongoing global outbreak. Many affected patients develop interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), both associated with poor prognosis and high mortality [1, 2]. A study of 138 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 showed that 7.2% had an acute myocardial injury [5]. COVID-19 patients with underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) who develop myocardial injury were found to have poorer in-hospital outcomes [7, 8]. To date, sensitive and reliable markers for the early detection of heart damage and mortality risk assessment in patients with COVID-19 have not been well established. We aim to discover a sensitive and reliable early-warning biomarker for optimizing management and improving the prognosis of COVID-19 patients
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