Abstract
The effect of an ultrasonic environment during electrodeposition of copper on graphite at various electrolyte temperatures of 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 °C is reported in this investigation. Resulting Cu deposits formed by potentiostatic deposition were characterized by electrochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. It was found that in presence of ultrasound the deposition kinetics was mainly dominated by the charge transfer. Copper nucleated according to 3D instantaneous mechanisms for all temperature ranges. The extent of nucleation was found to be increased at low temperatures. Diffusion coefficients and nuclei population density were calculated for each temperature range. Sonicated deposits with good surface coverage were found to consist of spherical copper agglomerates of nanosized particles.
Highlights
It is scarcely surprising that, as the temperature is varied within the wide range available, the properties of all materials undergo very considerable modifications
The scanning ranges are −0.6 V to +0.6 V and −0.6 V to +1 V for silent and sonication conditions respectively to ensure complete dissolution of the deposited mass in both the conditions
Stirring of solution by the acoustic streaming during the sono-voltammetric scan may have hindered the depletion of electroactive species in the vicinity of the electrodes during deposition which has resulted the increase in cathodic and anodic currents
Summary
It is scarcely surprising that, as the temperature is varied within the wide range available, the properties of all materials undergo very considerable modifications. Coupling ultrasound with the depositing bath may introduce a second level of metastability with a wide variation of effects on the deposit morphology and properties[3,4,5,6], resulting primarily from acoustic cavitaion: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of microscopic bubbles in liquids[7,8,9,10]. The present investigation focuses on the effects of temperature and ultrasound on the kinetics of Cu redox couple from the sulfate bath by using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and morphological analysis to understand the nucleation mechanisms
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