Abstract
Emerging evidence has identified the association between gut microbiota and various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Altered intestinal flora composition has been described in detail in CVDs, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmia. In contrast, the importance of fermentation metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and secondary bile acid (BA), has also been implicated in CVD development, prevention, treatment, and prognosis. The potential mechanisms are conventionally thought to involve immune regulation, host energy metabolism, and oxidative stress. However, numerous types of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and clockophagy, also serve as a key link in microbiome-host cross talk. In this review, we introduced and summarized the results from recent studies dealing with the relationship between gut microbiota and cardiac disorders, highlighting the role of programmed cell death. We hope to shed light on microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies in CVD management.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), with its rising prevalence rate and mortality, entails both health threats and economic burdens to our society
Since Hippocrates claimed that “all diseases begin in the gut” centuries ago, a great body of research has demonstrated the interplay between intestinal microbiota and diseases, including colorectal cancer [5], cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [6], liver fibrosis [7], and CVDs [8]
Appropriate gut microbiota structure and metabolite functions are essential in homeostasis maintenance, whereas gut dysbiosis contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmia, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity cardiac tumours, and others [12]
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), with its rising prevalence rate and mortality, entails both health threats and economic burdens to our society. As a chronic progressive condition, the development of CVDs often begins with risk factors like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, most of which would irreversibly damage vascular structure and eventually lead to detrimental clinical outcomes like arterial thrombosis and ischemic stroke. Considered a complex organ, the microbial community is required in the committed step through which food would be converted into small compounds and metabolites, modulating intestine structure, gut barrier integrity, inflammatory status, and host metabolism both directly and indirectly [4]. Appropriate gut microbiota structure and metabolite functions are essential in homeostasis maintenance, whereas gut dysbiosis contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmia, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity cardiac tumours, and others [12]. We introduce the role of gut microbiota in CVDs and summarize possible mechanisms, which may provide a theoretical basis and shed light on novel therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of CVDs
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