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Abstract
Abstract One year of continuous observation of bacterial and viral pathogen concentrations in overlying water and sediment of three urban landscape ponds replenished with reclaimed wastewater (RW) ponds was carried out to establish the distribution of pathogens and investigate the effects of environmental factors on that in RW ponds. The pathogens were represented by Escherichia coli and three common viral pathogens (enterovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus). Results indicated that the peak concentrations of pathogens occur from August to October. Pathogens present in sediment should be paid much more attention than those in overlying water, as they mainly contribute to the favorable conditions for survival and regrowth of pathogens in sediments. Cluster and redundancy analyses revealed that the environmental factors of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), organic matter, and water transparency have key impacts on the occurrence of pathogens. This infers that the practical way to reduce pathogenic risks in RW ponds is to control the algae bloom and improve the transparency of water bodies. Furthermore, based on breakpoint regression analyses, the appropriate ranges of Chl-a and transparency are suggested to be less than 57 mg/m3 and greater than 68 cm, respectively, to reduce the concentration of pathogens in urban landscape ponds replenished with RW.
Highlights
The quality of urban ponds is often barely satisfactory because of inadequate water supply, and is a general problem in cities with water shortages (Yi et al 2011)
Reusing reclaimed wastewater (RW) is a good way to solve the water shortage of urban landscape pond replenishment, but the opposition by the public is a major limitation to its implementation
In order to analyze the distribution of pathogens and their influencing factors in RW ponds, the concentrations of E. coli and three common viral pathogens (EV, NV, and RV) in the overlying water and sediment of three RW ponds in three cities, as well as environmental factors, were observed for one year
Summary
The quality of urban ponds is often barely satisfactory because of inadequate water supply, and is a general problem in cities with water shortages (Yi et al 2011). Using RW can solve the water shortage problem of landscape pond replenishment, but the quality of RW is significantly different from that of surface water, and may have a great impact on the quality of the receiving water body. Recreation is another important function of urban landscape ponds, for those located in parks. These ponds may be the water source of garden irrigation (Yi et al 2011). People could be exposed directly to the water, which may have a negative impact on human health when the water quality in
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