Abstract
Debate continues in public health on the roles of universal or targeted policies in providing equity of access to health-related goods or services, and thereby contributing to health equity. Research examining policy implementation can provide fresh insights on these issues. We synthesised findings across case studies of policy implementation in four policy areas of primary healthcare (PHC), telecommunications, Indigenous health and land use policy, which incorporated a variety of universal and targeted policy structures. We analysed findings according to three criteria of equity in access - availability, affordability and acceptability - and definitions of universal, proportionate-universal, targeted and residual policies, and devolved governance structures. Our analysis showed that existing universal, proportionate-universal and targeted policies in an Australian context displayed strengths and weaknesses in addressing availability, affordability and acceptability dimensions of equity in access. While residualist policies are unfavourable to equity of access, other forms of targeting as well as universal and proportionate-universal structure have the potential to be combined in context-specific ways favourable to equity of access to health-related goods and services. To optimise benefits, policies should address equity of access in the three dimensions of availability, affordability and acceptability. Devolved governance structures have the potential to augment equity benefits of either universal or targeted policies.
Highlights
Policy-makers and researchers have long debated the merits of universal or targeted policy strategies in relation to the role of the welfare state and citizen’s rights,[1,2] or to achieve goals such as poverty reduction,[3] universal health coverage[4] or health equity.[5]
We draw on research on policy implementation in four areas of Australian policy – Indigenous health, primary healthcare (PHC), telecommunications and land use planning (LUP) – to assess the role of universal and targeted policies, and devolved governance structures, in supporting health equity
Proceeding from the above, this paper addresses the following research question: What lessons emerge from a synthesis of findings from our four case studies for how governments can implement universal and targeted policy structures, so as to improve equity of access to health-related goods and services? Responding to our findings, we focus on devolved governance structures as a potential means to implement universal or targeted policies,[24] bringing a fresh perspective to the key question of how to implement universal policies in ways that meet the needs of particular groups
Summary
Policy-makers and researchers have long debated the merits of universal or targeted policy strategies in relation to the role of the welfare state and citizen’s rights,[1,2] or to achieve goals such as poverty reduction,[3] universal health coverage[4] or health equity.[5]. We draw on research on policy implementation in four areas of Australian policy – Indigenous health, primary healthcare (PHC), telecommunications and land use planning (LUP) – to assess the role of universal and targeted policies, and devolved governance structures, in supporting health equity
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