Abstract
Energy requirements have increased dramatically due to industrialization, economic, and population growth. To meet this demand, and solve its challenges, such as climate change, renewable energies do play an important role. This research work aims at selecting the best renewable energy projects using a hybrid decision-making framework from environmental, economic, technical, and social aspects at a sub-national level. In this regard, a new hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making model is deployed in which Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje, distance from average solution, and additive ratio assessment methods are used. In addition, for the weighing of criteria, Fuzzy Shannon’s entropy is used. Furthermore, the North Khorasan province is nominated as a sub-national study area. The results show that among 30 sub-criteria, social acceptance, net-presented cost, and noise were the top three with weights of 0.1105, 0.1003, and 0.0988, respectively. Solar energy projects also accomplished high ranks with an overall score of roughly 0.22. After that, small hydropower got second place with a score of 0.187. Moreover, the ranking of cities indicates that Jajarm was the most suitable location for implementing renewable energy development with a score of 0.14. Finally, sensitivity analysis was carried out to show that the mathematical model possessed good robustness.
Highlights
To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations (UN), the years between 2020 to 2030 are the most important and critical periods [1]
When studies are performed on a local scale, all project aspects are more concerned with its social feedback
Various parameters such as literacy, unemployment, and accident-related fatality rates can have an impact on the environment, specially protected areas, and water consumption in water-scarce communities and the acceptance or maturity of technologies are even among the factors that shape social acceptability; the given criterion is related to other ones
Summary
To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations (UN), the years between 2020 to 2030 are the most important and critical periods [1]. One of the objectives of this vision is the seventh goal, entitled “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all”, which includes the three subsets of ensuring universal access to energy services, increasing the share of renewable energy (RE) in the energy basket, and increasing international cooperation to promote the technical level related to energy [2]. According to these definitions and the presented overall vision, RE can play a main role in achieving these goals by 2030, as RE is directly related to the seventh goal, and to the other goals of the international program [3].
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