Abstract
Sustainable development seems an elusive objective for Africa's rural peoples, yet there are unique opportunities for nongovernmental organizations in Africa to work toward that goal. NGOs can facilitate this effort by strengthening institutional capacities at the local level. Several factors, however, impede NGO effectiveness. Among them are 1) issues surrounding NGO needs for autonomy and Government needs for control; 2) problems in scaling up NGO efforts and creating the necessary micro-macro linkages; and 3) confusion over appropriate roles for NGOs.This paper considers these issues in the context of two cases of NGO activity, an organization in Zimbabwe called Environment and Development Activities-Zimbabwe (ENDA-Zimbabwe) and an approach to rural development in Kenya, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), which involves international and national NGOs as well as the Kenyan Government. The paper suggests that NGOs can be more effective if they move from a project orientation to an enabling orienta...
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