Abstract
This chapter presents the types of disposal for concentrate management implementation (or final disposal options) case studies for desalination projects within the United States. Brief information is cited from case studies by four different categories of disposal of concentrates from projects or plants, with some new and updated case studies provided by members of the Task Committee on Development of Prestandards for Concentrate Management Case Studies. Final disposal options involve brine concentrate treatment technologies that require no additional treatment or management. As a result of final disposal options, concentrates are discharged into oceans or bays; injected by deep wells; discharged to sanitary sewers or surface waters as zero liquid disposal (ZLD) and near ZLD; or discharged by land applications or to evaporation ponds.
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