Abstract
The Setubal municipality, Portugal, has diversified land use along its coastline (mostly located in a low-lying area): on the west there are beaches; the centre is dominated by a densely populated downtown; and the east has an important industrial area. Although the seismic activity in mainland Portugal is moderate, considering the variety of exposed elements, the objectives of this study are to present and discuss the implementation of tsunami evacuation maps at Setubal municipality. Thus, tsunami numerical modelling was carried out by considering the 1969 tsunami and the 1755 tsunami scenarios. The model results show that the first tsunami wave arrived within 30–40 min of the earthquake. The inundation depth was up to 9 m at the beaches, 4.9 m downtown, and 4.0 m in the industrial area. These velocities are too dangerous if beach users are caught by the tsunami waves, even in a moderate scenario. Therefore, coastal communities must evacuate the inundated zones to high ground before the arrival of the first tsunami wave. For this reason, tsunami evacuation maps were created, indicating the quickest and safest routes to the meeting points, located on high ground and outside of the inundation zones.
Highlights
The 1755 tsunami caused significant damage all along the Portuguese coastline
+1.7 m. for Theregion water 1level snapshots show are howshown the 1969 tsunami propagation results obtained in the 1969 tsunami in Figure waves spread out from the tsunami source area, reaching
At the regional several tsunami waves propagated in the underunder study, being earthquake
Summary
The 1755 tsunami caused significant damage all along the Portuguese coastline. According to witnesses’ accounts, more than 2000 people died due to the earthquake, fire, and tsunami in the city of Setubal, which corresponds to over 16.9% of the city’s 18th century population [1]. After this historic disaster, the city was rebuilt, with significant development that extended to the entire municipality. In the present-day, Setubal municipality has diversified land use along its coastline, which is located on low ground (3–4 m above mean sea level), increasing the exposure of coastal communities to a future tsunami scenario. The challenge is to assess the conditions for the safe evacuation of coastal communities in Setubal municipality if a moderate to large tsunami occurs, since the impact of a potential tsunami on the municipality is still largely unknown
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