Abstract
A wide variety of technologies is available for the treatment of contaminated soil in both the vadose zone (originating above the water table) and saturated zone (originating below the water table). Several processes involve immobilizing soil contaminants by physically, chemically or biologically. Among them, a wide range of wastes, both solids and liquids, are being treated by “solidification/stabilization” (S/S). In solidification, by adding binding reagents, physical state of the waste being changed by encapsulating a waste to form a solid material from liquid as well as to restrict contaminant migration to leaching by decreasing the exposed surface area. Whereas stabilization through chemical reactions immobilizes the hazardous materials by reducing them to less soluble or toxic form. Characteristics of different types of reagents/additives of S/S technology both from inorganic and organic origin are presented in this paper. In-situ and ex-situ application of S/S technology and their advantages-disadvantages are discussed with basic approaches. Finally, introducing with internal and external factors influencing the long-term durability of S/S treated materials as well as monitoring & treatment management of it after processing are briefly presented
Highlights
Since world war II, rapid industrialization has been causing extensive contamination of soil and groundwater resources
It is found that in ten years period from 2002-2011, the rate of number of selection for in-situ remediation is increasing over ex-situ remediation which all are based upon USEPA Superfund remedy program, (EPA, 2013) [14].The successful decontamination of contaminated soils and groundwater depends on several factors including soil properties, nature of contaminants, local climatic conditions, interactions between soils and contaminants and type of technology used for site-restoration
In-situ solidification / stabilization” (S/S) technology is getting more frequent nowadays compared to ex-situ which is based upon USEPA Superfund remedy program
Summary
Since world war II, rapid industrialization has been causing extensive contamination of soil and groundwater resources. It is imperative to limit the contamination of environment including soil, groundwater, air due to ecological concern rather than minimizing the expenditure of cleaning technique. In between all of these, accumulation of toxic metals into the soil causes serious risks to human health, plants, animals and surrounding ecosystems. Different sources responsible for accumulating and dissipating of toxic metals in soils are illustrated in table 1. Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technology has been widely used to immobilize metals leaching either by solidifying liquids, sludge and other physically nonstable hazardous wastes into stable solids or making it more stable by chemical alteration of the contaminant with respect to further dissolution. The ultimate focus of Solidification/Stabilization process is on the transformation of toxic metal contaminated soil into a less toxic form
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