Implementation of laser-light backscattering imaging for authentication of the geographic origin of Indonesia region citrus

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Citrus fruit (Citrus nobilis Lour.) from the Indonesian region is reported to have high economic value due to attractive nutritional, nutraceutical, and sensory attributes. However, authenticating the geographic origins is challenging because of adulteration and similarity in visual appearance. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an effective method based on laser-light backscattering imaging (LLBI) for authentication of the geographic origin of the region citrus. A total of 200 citrus samples were collected from Medan, Malang, Jember, and Banyuwangi regions, which were the four main citrus-producing areas in Indonesia. Approximately three different laser wavelengths, namely 450, 532, and 648 nm were beamed to produce the backscattering image. Furthermore, a combination of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was applied to extract texture features and build a classification model, respectively. In this context, three kernel functions, such as linear, radial basis function, and polynomial, were compared in authenticating the geographic origin of citrus. The results showed that the proposed technique achieved 96.667 % accuracy and 3.333 % apparent error for authentication of the geographic origin. The proposed LLBI technique applied a laser wavelength of 450 nm and a polynomial kernel function as the best combination to produce reliable predictive power. This study held valuable implications for advancing sensing technology devices to authenticate geographic origin, specifically citrus fruit.