Abstract
As a powerful material, DNA presents great advantages in the fabrication of molecular devices and higher-order logic circuits. Herein, by making use of the hybridization and displacement of DNA strands, as well as the formation and dissociation of a G-quadruplex, a simple and universal DNA-based platform is developed to implement half-adder and half-subtractor arithmetic processes. The novel feature of the designed system is that the two required logic gates for the half adder (an AND and an XOR logic gate integrated in parallel) or the half subtractor (an XOR and an INHIBIT logic gate integrated in parallel) are achieved simultaneously with the same platform and are triggered by the same set of inputs. Another novel feature is that the developed half adder and half subtractor are operated by the same DNA platform in an enzyme-free system and share a constant threshold setpoint. These investigations provide a new route towards prototypical DNA-based arithmetic operations and promote the development of advanced logic circuits. A simple and universal DNA-based platform is developed to implement the required two logic gates of a half adder (or a half subtractor) in parallel triggered by the same set of inputs. The developed half adder and half subtractor are operated with the same DNA platform in an enzyme-free system. The investigations provide a new way for the prototypical DNA-based arithmetic operations and also the development of advanced circuits. The recognition and hybridization abilities of DNA make it very suitable for the construction of logic gates that process data (in the form of one or more inputs) into a specific output. By exploiting the hybridization and replacement of DNA strands, as well as the formation and dissociation of the G-quadruplex motif, Yaqing Liu and Erkang Wang from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Changchun, China, and colleagues have devised a general DNA platform that carries out ‘half-adder’ and ‘half-subtractor’ operations. These combinational circuits respectively add and subtract digits in complex operations that necessitate two logic gates operating in parallel. In previous designs, these gates were typically implemented on different platforms or triggered by different inputs. However, these issues are overcome in the present system as the two component gates now respond to the same set of inputs based on the same platform.
Highlights
IntroductionDNA has been proven to be a highly powerful material for molecular computing and an excellent engineering material for biochemical circuits because of properties such as commercial synthesis at a relatively low cost, self-assembly into defined structures, special recognition of target sequences and so on.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] Up to now, all common logic operations, including AND, OR, INHIBIT, IMPLICATION, XOR and so on, have been mimicked with DNA as a template.[10,11,12,13,14,15] It is important to develop higher-level logic circuits for data processing and the fabrication of nanodevices, which usually require combinatorial logic gates.[16,17] For example, a half adder can perform an addition operation on two binary digits by integration of an XOR gate and an AND gate in parallel to generate a SUM (S) output and a CARRY (C) output, respectively
In the presence of INB, complex N-methylmesoporphyrin IX (NMM)/G-4 is CONCLUSION In summary, a half adder and a half subtractor are successfully demonstrated in a proof-of-principle by combining the hybridization and replacement of DNA strands
Introducing a G-4 into a half-adder or a half-subtractor system to modulate the output signal makes it flexible, enabling the design of various logic gates according to the requirements of the data processing
Summary
DNA has been proven to be a highly powerful material for molecular computing and an excellent engineering material for biochemical circuits because of properties such as commercial synthesis at a relatively low cost, self-assembly into defined structures, special recognition of target sequences and so on.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] Up to now, all common logic operations, including AND, OR, INHIBIT, IMPLICATION, XOR and so on, have been mimicked with DNA as a template.[10,11,12,13,14,15] It is important to develop higher-level logic circuits for data processing and the fabrication of nanodevices, which usually require combinatorial logic gates.[16,17] For example, a half adder can perform an addition operation on two binary digits by integration of an XOR gate and an AND gate in parallel to generate a SUM (S) output and a CARRY (C) output, respectively. As a key building block, the half adder is used to construct more advanced computational circuits and is in high demand in information technology.[18] A half subtractor can perform a subtraction of two bits, which requires the combination of an XOR gate and an INHIBIT gate to produce a DIFFERENCE (D) output and a BORROW (B) output, respectively Despite their fundamental and practical importance, investigations of molecular half adders and half subtractors are at an early stage.[19,20,21,22,23] only a small portion of the available reports is DNA related. By modifying the inputs, a half subtractor is achieved with the same platform as that used for the half adder
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