Abstract
Autonomous vehicles promise to revolutionize the automobile market, although their implementation could take several decades in which both types of cars will coexist on the streets. We formulate a model for a circular city based on continuous approximations, considering demand surfaces over the city. Numerical results from our model predict direct and indirect effects of connected and autonomous vehicles. Direct effects will be positive for our cities: (a) less street supply is needed to accommodate the traffic; (b) congestion levels decrease: travel costs may decrease by 30%. Some indirect effects will counterbalance these positive effects: (c) a decrease of 20% in the value of travel time can reduce the total cost by a third; (d) induced demand could be as high as 50%, bringing equivalent total costs in the future scenario; (e) the vehicle-kilometers traveled could also affect the future scenario; and (f) increases in city size and urban sprawl. As a conclusion, the implementation of autonomous vehicles could be neutral for the cities regarding travel time costs. City planning agencies still have to promote complementary modes such as active mobility (walking and bicycle), transit (public transportation), and shared mobility (shared autonomous vehicles and mobility as a service).
Highlights
Traffic congestion is one of the most significant problems for cities as Colin Buchanan asserted in the 1960s [1]
The results show that adaptive cruise control (AACC) vehicles will increase the capacity about 7% if the AACC rate is between 40% and 60%; cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) vehicles will increment the capacity to near 102% when all cars
This paper analyzed three topics related to the implementation of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs)
Summary
Traffic congestion is one of the most significant problems for cities as Colin Buchanan asserted in the 1960s [1]. Implementation of CAVs will need new technical requirements, which Martínez-Díaz et al [6] explain them in detail, for example, a new on-board architecture, sensing system, new communications, cloud requirements, infrastructure needs, and others This will allow that these new cars could generate positives changes in transportation and urban mobility. The paper assesses how CAVs will be deployed and will share the infrastructure with MVs by considering three aspects: the potential benefits for the optimal urban structure, the assessment of the direct and indirect impacts of AVs on the efficiency of a network, and the probable effects of the progressive implementation of CAVs. As its focus, this work presents a strategic and macroscopic analysis of CAVs, using a continuous, two-dimensional, total-cost function applied to a circular city. We present the mathematical model and apply it to a case study in a circular city
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