Abstract
Along with the development of electromagnetic weapons, Electronic Warfare (EW) has been rising as the future form of war. Especially in the area of wireless communications, high security defense systems such as Low Probability of Detection (LPD), Low Probability of Interception (LPI), and Low Probability of Exploitation (LPE) communication algorithms are being studied to prevent military force loss. One LPD, LPI, and LPE communication algorithm, physical-layer security, has been discussed and studied. We propose a noise signaling system, a type of physical-layer security, which modifies conventionally modulated I/Q data into a noise-like shape. To suggest the possibility of realistic implementation, we use Software-Defined Radio (SDR). Since there are certain hardware limitations, we present the limitations, requirements, and preferences of practical implementation of the noise signaling system. The proposed system uses ring-shaped signaling, and we present a ring-shaped signaling system algorithm, SDR implementation methodology, and performance evaluations of the system using the metrics of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Probability of Modulation Identification (PMI), which we obtain by using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm. We conclude that the ring-shaped signaling system can perform high LPI/LPE communication functioning because an eavesdropper cannot obtain the correct modulation scheme information. However, the performance can vary with the configurations of the I/Q data-modifying factors.
Highlights
With the development of electromagnetic weapons, Electronic Warfare (EW) has been rising as the future form of wars [1,2]
With the implemented ring-shaped signaling system Software-Defined Radio (SDR) radios, we evaluate the system with the Bit Error Rate (BER) and Probability of Modulation Identification (PMI)
Using the developed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm, we evaluated which modulation was recognized from the eavesdropper point of view when the ring-shaped signaling system was applied to a conventional Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) system
Summary
With the development of electromagnetic weapons, Electronic Warfare (EW) has been rising as the future form of wars [1,2]. LPE is defined as a system in which the eavesdropper detects the presence of and identifies the characteristics of a signal but cannot exploit the message These solutions are processed at the physical-layer level. Physical-layer processing is studied to reduce complexity by hiding signals with dummy noises [7] or by using a dirty constellation algorithm. We propose a flexible and adaptable covert communication algorithm through a noise-shaping process in the physical layer to overcome the problems of implementation complexity and hardware dependency. With the implemented ring-shaped signaling system SDR radios, we evaluate the system with the Bit Error Rate (BER) and Probability of Modulation Identification (PMI).
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