Abstract
BackgroundComputerised clinical decision support (CCDS) has been shown to improve processes of care in some healthcare settings, but there is little evidence related to its use or effects in pre-hospital emergency care. CCDS in this setting aligns with policies to increase IT use in ambulance care, enhance paramedic decision-making skills, reduce avoidable emergency department attendances and improve quality of care and patient experience. This qualitative study was conducted alongside a cluster randomised trial in two ambulance services of the costs and effects of web-based CCDS system designed to support paramedic decision-making in the care of older people following a fall. Paramedics were trained to enter observations and history for relevant patients on a tablet, and the CCDS then generated a recommended course of action which could be logged. Our aim was to describe paramedics’ experience of the CCDS intervention and to identify factors affecting its implementation and use.MethodsWe invited all paramedics who had been randomly allocated to the intervention arm of the trial to participate in interviews or focus groups. The study was underpinned by Strong Structuration Theory, a theoretical model for studying innovation based on the relationship between what people do and their context. We used the Framework approach to data analysis.ResultsTwenty out of 22 paramedics agreed to participate. We developed a model of paramedic experience of CCDS with three domains: context, adoption and use, and outcomes. Aspects of context which had an impact included organisational culture and perceived support for non-conveyance decisions. Experience of adoption and use of the CCDS varied between individual paramedics, with some using it with all eligible patients, some only with patients they thought were ‘suitable’ and some never using it. A range of outcomes were reported, some of which were different from the intended role of the technology in decision support.ConclusionImplementation of new technology such as CCDS is not a one-off event, but an ongoing process, which requires support at the organisational level to be effective.Trial registrationISRCTN Registry 10538608. Registered 1 May 2007. Retrospectively registered.
Highlights
Computerised clinical decision support (CCDS) has been shown to improve processes of care in some healthcare settings, but there is little evidence related to its use or effects in pre-hospital emergency care
Analytical framework We developed an analytical framework consisting of codes grouped into five broad categories: personal, organisational, technical, practical and consequential (Additional file 1)
Evolving and adaptive practice highlights an inherent tension in the project of professionalising paramedic practice [32]: tools to formalise and standardise practice might be presented as part of this project, yet they can be read as challenging the autonomy of clinical decision-making which is inherent to professionalism in this context
Summary
Computerised clinical decision support (CCDS) has been shown to improve processes of care in some healthcare settings, but there is little evidence related to its use or effects in pre-hospital emergency care. CCDS in this setting aligns with policies to increase IT use in ambulance care, enhance paramedic decision-making skills, reduce avoidable emergency department attendances and improve quality of care and patient experience. Referral pathways have already been introduced to enable paramedics to refer suitable patients to community-based care rather than convey them to emergency departments (ED) This shift reflects policies that support developing the role of paramedics as clinical decision-makers [4]. Innovations can meet resistance from clinicians, or be abandoned in the face of practical challenges, while any benefits maybe disproportionate to cost [8] This means that, when any technological intervention is being introduced or evaluated, it is worth examining the processes of implementation and adoption into use to understand both how it might affect clinical practice and what may inhibit change
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