Implementation and Evaluation of Load Balancing Mechanism With Multiple Edge Server Cooperation for Dynamic Map System

Kohei Hosono,Akihiko Maki,Kenya Sato,Hiroaki Takada,Yosuke Watanabe

doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3067909

Kohei Hosono, Akihiko Maki + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3067909

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Abstract

In recent years, research has been conducted on dynamic map systems, which are information and communication platforms that manage vehicle sensor information and run applications. However, there is a concern about scalability in the dynamic map system, which operates on a cloud on the Internet, when the number of vehicles that transmit and receive sensor information increases. Therefore, it is considered that the application load can be distributed by distributing multiple edge servers geographically and having the information managed in the cloud by the edge servers. However, the edge server that controls the vehicle information and the edge server that receives the data do not always match depending on the actual radio wave conditions. Therefore, some applications are difficult to manage, such as intersection collision danger warning and merging arbitration when edge servers are assigned in the same way as base stations that receive data from vehicles. Such an application should receive all vehicle data for the target road area. Therefore, we divide the area on the road where a vehicle travels as “lane section ID” and assign an edge server to each lane section ID on the basis of that area. In addition, we implemented a dynamic map system that connects vehicles and edge servers by linking multiple edge servers. This enables the edge server to aggregate vehicle data without being affected by radio traffic conditions. We evaluated the scalability of the dynamic map system and verified the effectiveness of the load balancing mechanism using multiple edge servers.

Highlights

C URRENTLY, advanced safe driving support systems and automatic driving systems are being researched and developed that recognize the driving environment by using sensors mounted on the vehicle and that automatically warn drivers and avoid dangers [1]–[3]
There are currently no standard specifications for the length of the lane section IDs or the number of edge servers, this paper proposes a load balancing mechanism, and the length of the road and the lane section IDs can be configured in any way
This study evaluates the scalability of the dynamic map system compared with a cloud-based dynamic map system without lane section IDs and shows the effectiveness of the dynamic map system with assigned edge servers

Summary

Introduction

C URRENTLY, advanced safe driving support systems and automatic driving systems are being researched and developed that recognize the driving environment by using sensors mounted on the vehicle and that automatically warn drivers and avoid dangers [1]–[3]. The on-board sensor can detect objects in the visible range but not in Manuscript received March 25, 2020; revised August 31, 2020, November 13, 2020, January 29, 2021, and February 7, 2021; accepted March 11, 2021. Akihiko Maki is with Fujitsu Ltd., Kanagawa 215-8588, Japan. Yosuke Watanabe and Hiroaki Takada are with the Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan. Kenya Sato is with the Mobility Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.

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