Implementasi Antimicrobial Stewardship Program di Kawasan Asia: Sebuah Kajian Sistematis

Abstract

Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) merupakan salah satu program yang direkomendasikan untuk meningkatkan ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik, khususnya pada setting rumah sakit. Keberhasilan implementasi program tersebut ditentukan oleh banyak faktor, antara lain komunikasi antartenaga kesehatan dan ketersediaan sumber daya manusia maupun sarana-prasarana. Sampai saat ini, bukti penelitian terkait implementasi ASP di Asia khususnya di negara low - dan lower-middle income economies masih terbatas. Tujuan kajian sistematik ini adalah mengidentifikasi jenis strategi ASP yang diimplementasikan di berbagai negara Asia dengan berbagai income status, dan memberikan gambaran dampak dari implementasi ASP terhadap luaran klinis, mikrobiologis, dan finansial. Proses penelusuran pustaka dilakukan dengan menggunakan basis data PUBMED dan kata kunci “ antimicrobial stewardship ” dan “Asia” yang dikombinasikan dengan Boolean operator yaitu “AND”. Total terdapat 28 penelitian dari sembilan negara diikutsertakan dalam kajian akhir. Belum ditemukan bukti penelitian terpublikasi terkait ASP di Indonesia. Hanya terdapat satu penelitian berasal dari negara lower-middle income economies dan penelitian tersebut dilakukan pada institusi kesehatan tersier. Sebagian besar penelitian, yakni 22, berasal dari negara high-middle income economies , dan 18 dari antaranya dilakukan di rumah sakit tersier atau rumah sakit yang berafiliasi pada institusi pendidikan tinggi. Jenis intervensi ASP yang paling banyak diimplementasikan adalah audit peresepan antibiotik secara prospektif dan disertai dengan pemberian umpan balik, dan penerapannya terbukti dapat menghasilkan luaran yang positif baik secara klinis, mikrobiologis, maupun finansial. Dengan mempertimbangkan dampak positif tersebut, sangat diharapkan agar ASP dapat diimplementasikan pada institusi kesehatan di Indonesia dengan memperhatikan ketersediaan sumber daya dan konteks budaya lokal. Kata kunci: Antibiotik, ketepatan penggunaan, program pengendalian resistensi, resistensi antibiotik The Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in Asian Region: A Systematic Review Abstract Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) is one of the recommended programs to optimize the prudent use of antimicrobials, particularly in the hospital settings. The successful ASP implementation is determined by numerous factors, including communication among healthcare workers, and the availability of human resources and facilities. There is limited evidence available regarding the ASP implementation in Asia, particularly in the low- and lower-middle income countries. This systematic review aimed to identify the type of ASP interventions implemented in Asian countries according to the income status and to describe the impact of ASP implementation on the clinical, microbiological, and financial outcomes. The search strategy was undertaken using PUBMED, and the search terms were “antimicrobial stewardship” and “Asia” which were combined with the use of a Boolean operator “AND”. In total, 28 articles from nine countries were included in the final review. No article from Indonesia could be found in this systematic review. There was only an article from a lower-middle income country that was conducted in a tertiary health institution. Most of the articles (22 articles) were from high-middle income countries and 18 of them were conducted either in the tertiary care or university affiliated hospitals. Prospective audit with intervention and feedback was the most frequent ASP used in which positive outcomes on the clinical, microbiological, and financial outcomes have been evidenced. The positive impact of ASP implementation should suggest the needs to initiate the program in the healthcare facilities in Indonesia while taking into account the available resources and the local cultures. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, antibiotics, prudent use, stewardship program