Abstract
The fatty acid/albumin (FA/Alb) molar ratio is ≤1 in healthy subjects; this ratio can reach 3–4 in patients with acute myocardial ischemia. We describe the spontaneous desorption–adsorption kinetics of FAs from albumin to a graphene electrode at neutral pH. Albumin-depleted human serum was prepared via ultrafiltration and then mixed with defatted human albumin and sodium oleate at different FA/Alb molar ratios, at a final albumin concentration of 0.6 mM. A commercially available screen-printed graphene oxide (GO)-modified carbon electrode was used for the electrochemical experiments. Frequency-ranged Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and a single-frequency non-Faradaic impedance measure (chronoimpedance) were used to derive the desorption–adsorption kinetics. The surface of the GO electrode was finally evaluated with the aid of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). With the chronoimpedance experiment, the measured impedance increased accordingly to the FA/Alb ratios. The frequency-ranged EIS showed good linearity between the impedance and the FA/Alb ratio, with a limit of quantification value of 1.06. XPS surface analysis revealed that the FA was adsorbed onto the electrode, with the amount of the adsorbed FA proportional to the FA/Alb ratio. The electrochemical method applied on this peculiar desorption–adsorption kinetics of FAs has the ability to differentiate serum having excess FAs.
Highlights
We propose a novel method for identifying the binding kinetics and the a priori detection of Fatty acids (FAs) which is based on the fact that, in an aqueous solution such as blood serum, an electrode made of carbon-based materials can spontaneously extract excess FAs from the albumin surface [7,8]; the extracted FA molecules accumulate on the surface and create a hydrocarbon layer on the carbon electrode [9–12]
As expected, that the reduced GO electrodes (rGOs) electrode exhibited less impedance than a graphene oxide (GO) electrode
Current clinical data suggest that monitoring the levels of FAs in patients presenting with chest pain may provide a very early indication of myocardial ischemia
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Coronary artery disease constitutes the main group of cardiovascular diseases and is the leading cause of death in the world. Chest pain has many causes ranging across stable to emergent conditions; among them, myocardial ischemia constitutes one of the major life-threatening conditions. Millions of people having acute chest pain are admitted to emergency departments each year with the fear of a heart attack. The nature of pain and ECG findings are mostly diagnostic, physicians still need to prove the diagnosis with blood tests in every patient
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