Abstract
This research presents an electrochemical immunosensor for collagen I detection using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and covalently immobilized half-reduced monoclonal antibody as a receptor; this allowed for the validation of the collagen I concentration through two different independent methods: electrochemically by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and optically by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The high unique advantage of the proposed sensor is based on the performance of the stable covalent immobilization of the AuNPs and enzymatically reduced half-IgG collagen I antibodies, which ensured their appropriate orientation onto the sensor’s surface, good stability, and sensitivity properties. The detection of collagen type I was performed in a concentration range from 1 to 5 pg/mL. Moreover, SPR was utilized to confirm the immobilization of the monoclonal half-antibodies and sensing of collagen I versus time. Furthermore, EIS experiments revealed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.38 pg/mL. The selectivity of the performed immunosensor was confirmed by negligible responses for BSA. The performed approach of the immunosensor is a novel, innovative attempt that enables the detection of collagen I with very high sensitivity in the range of pg/mL, which is significantly lower than the commonly used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Highlights
Significant medical developments require the use of modern technologies to continuously monitor a patient’s state
[17] the application of in situ, direct biomarkers to evaluate the content of the collagen type I [18] with a highly sensitive level in the picomolar range can significantly improve the diagnosis of the occurrence of the potential healing process and allow for the appropriate treatment sooner using either percutaneous injection of collagen and hyaluronic acid or the implementation of invasive surgery [16]
The presence of even a very small amount of collagen type I, in the picogram range, can induce and accelerate the selection of the appropriate treatment earlier, to apply, for example, different doses of hyaluronic acid or collagen type I/III injection, aiming to avoid the implementation of highly invasive surgery. [10,15,16] To increase the retreatment process, it is significantly relevant to indicate the concentration of collagen type I that directly enhances the regeneration of damaged tendon tissue
Summary
Significant medical developments require the use of modern technologies to continuously monitor a patient’s state. [17] the application of in situ, direct biomarkers to evaluate the content of the collagen type I [18] with a highly sensitive level in the picomolar range can significantly improve the diagnosis of the occurrence of the potential healing process and allow for the appropriate treatment sooner using either percutaneous injection of collagen and hyaluronic acid or the implementation of invasive surgery [16]. [10,15,16] To increase the retreatment process, it is significantly relevant to indicate the concentration of collagen type I that directly enhances the regeneration of damaged tendon tissue For this reason, it is required to implement sensitive systems suitable for detecting collagen type I with an accurate level of selectivity
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