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Abstract
The use of millimeter waves in wireless communication systems is expected to pave the way for solving the problem of spectrum scarcity currently experienced in lower frequencies, yet allowing for higher bit rates. However, impairments that are not of major concern in lower frequencies become relevant performance deterioration causes in the millimeter wave range, for instance the high signal attenuation and shadowing, as well as hardware-dependent impairments like phase noise, I-Q imbalance, and amplifier nonlinearities. In this tutorial article, the recent theory about these impairments are reviewed and applied to the development of models for assessing the performance of digital modulations in the millimeter wave range, under the separate and the joint effect of such impairments. The developed models are then used in the performance analysis of the M-ary frequency-shift keying (MFSK) modulation with non-coherent detection, and of the M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) with coherent detection. Simulation results bring out the different degrees of robustness of these modulations to the modeled impairments, highlighting the attractiveness of the MFSK and the 16QAM.
Highlights
T HE exponential growth in communications products and services experienced in the recent years is posing an unparalleled technological challenge to the development of new devices
In light of the hardware and channel impairments that potentially will be faced by the wireless communication systems operating in high frequencies, especially in the millimeter wave range, it is of paramount importance to acquire the knowledge sufficient to understand, model and emulate such impairments, as well as the channel-related ones, aiming at giving adequate support to the research, design and assessment of digital communication systems
Simulation results regarding the effect of hardware and channel impairments on the coherently detected M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) and Mary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) modulations, and on the non-coherently detected M-ary frequency-shift keying (MFSK) modulation, for M = 4, 16 and 64, are presented and discussed
Summary
T HE exponential growth in communications products and services experienced in the recent years is posing an unparalleled technological challenge to the development of new devices. A given technology is not capable of supporting all the emerging needs, either due to its intrinsic hardware and systemic limitations, or due to the scarcity of some resource, for instance the radio-frequency (RF) spectrum. In order to meet the demands for such a huge number of devices and higher data rates, 5G networks will probably take advantage of frequencies in the millimeter wave (mm-wave) range [2], i.e., 30-300 GHz, which is still mostly vacant. The adoption of the aforementioned frequencies significantly reduces the coverage reach when compared to microwave links (3-30 GHz). In [3], the authors report examples of point-topoint wireless links in which a microwave system operating at 23 GHz with the 256QAM modulation reached a distance of 3 km @ 1.4 Gbit/s, while another system using 70/80 GHz spectrum reached up to 1.9 km @ 3 Gbit/s using the 2PSK modulation. In the mm-wave range, it is expected that even smaller distances will be covered
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